Chapter 1: Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
What are the skeleton's 5 major functions?
1. Protection of heart, lungs & brain 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles & acting as levers 4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus 5. Hemopoiesis - new RBC formation
__________: lateral movement away from the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane, ex. raising the arms to the side
Abduction
Give examples of movements that occur in the frontal plane
Abduction/adduction: jumping jacks, spinal lateral flexion
__________: movement medially toward the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane; ex. lower arms back to sides
Adduction
____________: slightly moveable joints that can be fibrous or cartilaginous; broken into syndesmosis, synchondrosis, symphysis
Amphiarthrodial joints
___________: study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system
Anatomic Kinesiology
_________________: the most widely used reference position; subject is standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, palms facing forward with feet parallel and touching
Anatomical position
Who needs/uses kinesiology?
Anatomists, coaches, strength & conditioning specialist, personal trainers, nurses, physical education teachers, massage therapists, physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapists, etc.
_______________: in front or in the front part
Anterior
______________: a line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skin fold
Anterior axillary line
_______________: in front & below
Anteroinferior
_______________: in front & to the outside
Anterolateral
______________: in front & toward the inner side or midline
Anteromedial
________________: in front & above
Anterosuperior
____________: abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion
Anteversion
______________: covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
______________: diarthrodial joint that is characterized by two flat surfaces that butt against each other (multiaxial, 3). Examples include carpal bones of wrist & tarsometatarsal joints of the foot
Athrodial (gliding) joint
The motion that occurs between articular surfaces is?
Athrokinematics
_________________: relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities
Bilateral
Give examples of short bones
Carpals & tarsals
___________: below in relation to another structure; inferior
Caudal
_____________: Above in relation to another structure; superior, higher
Cephalic
______________: circular movements of a limb that delineates an arc, combination of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction; ex. moving shoulder joint in a circle
Circumduction
______________: diarthrodial joint with bones that permit movement in two planes of motion without rotation (biaxial, 2). Examples include wrist (radoiocarpal joint)
Condyloidal (knuckle) joint
_____________: pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Contralateral
______________: hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
Cortex
_____________: beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Deep
______________: inferior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane
Depression
___________: relating to or situated to the right or on the right side of
Dexter
This axis, also known as the oblique axis, runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
Diagonal axis
This plane is a combination of more than one plane of motion & it is subdivided into high, low, low planes
Diagonal plane
__________________: long, cylindrical shaft of bone
Diaphysis
____________: joints that are freely moveable & synarthrodial; broken into arthrodial, condyloidal, enarthrodial, ginglymus, sellar & trochoidal. Have motion in multiple planes
Diarthrodial joints
____________: situated away from the center or midline of the body or away from the point of origin
Distal
____________: relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part or upper surface of; also relating to the top of the foot
Dorsal (dorsum)
______________: flexion movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane
Dorsiflexion
_____________: superior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane
Elevation
______________: diarthrodial joint that permits movement in all planes of motion (multiaxial - 3 degrees of freedom). examples include glenohumeral (shoulder) and acetabularfemoral (hip) joints
Enarthrodial (ball & socket) joint
____________: bones that develop from hyaline cartilage & rapidly develop into the bone they will eventually become. Bones grow longitudinally until about 25, but grow in diameter throughout life
Endochondral bones
_____________: fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
Endosteum
______________: growth plate; thin cartilage that separates diaphysis and epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
_______________: ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone
Epiphysis
______________: turing the sole of the foot outward or laterally in the frontal plane; abduction
Eversion
____________: straightening movement that result in an increase in the angle of a joint by moving bones apart usually in the sagittal plane; ex. lowering a bicep curl
Extension
_____________: rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the midline of the body that occurs in the transverse plane
External rotation
What are the subclasses of structure as classifications for joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
___________: relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the lower extremity
Fibular
____________: bones designed for protection & muscle attachment; usually having a curved surface and varying from thick to very thin
Flat bones
____________: bending movement that results in a decrease in the angle of a joint by bringing the bones closer together usually in the sagittal plane; ex. bicep curl
Flexion
Give examples of movements that occur in the sagittal plane
Flexion/extension: bicep curls, knee extensions, sit-ups
This axis runs from side to side & is associated with the sagittal plane
Frontal axis
This plane bisects the body laterally from side to side, dividing it into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) halves. Abduction & adduction occur in this plane
Frontal or coronal plane
______________: essentially the same as anatomical position, except arms are at the sides with palms facing the body
Fundamental position
______________: diarthrodial joint that permits a wide range of movement in only one plane (uniaxial, one degree of freedom). examples include humeroulnar (elbow), talocrural (ankle) and tibofemoral (knee) joints
Ginglymus (hinge) joints
____________: a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface
Glide (slide, translation)
_____________: synarthrodial joint found in the sockets of the teeth
Gomphosis
The specific amount of movement possible in a joint or ROM may be measured by using an instrument known as ___________
Goniometer
This plane refers to the upper limbs at should joints where overhead skills are used, ex. baseball pitch
High diagonal plane
Give examples of flat bones
Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula
____________: below in relation to another structure, caudal
Inferior (infra)
____________: below & to the outside
Inferolateral
___________: below & toward the midline or inside
Inferomedial
______________: rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone toward the midline of the body that occurs in the transverse plane
Internal rotation
______________: turning the sole of the foot inward or medially in the frontal plane; adduction
Inversion
___________: on the same side
Ipsilateral
______________: bones with odd shapes; serve a variety of purposes
Irregular bones
How are joints/articulations classified?
Joints are classified by structure & function
____________: study of motion or human movement
Kinesiology
___________: increasing curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
Kyphosis
____________: on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane
Lateral
_____________: movement of the head and/or trunk in the frontal plane laterally away from the midline
Lateral flexion (abduction, side bending)
____________: bones that are longer than they are wide; composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends, shaft contains medullary cavity. Serve as levers
Long bones
______________: increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
Lordosis
This plane refers to lower limbs at hip joints, ex. kicking a ball
Low diagonal plane
This plane refers to upper limbs at shoulder joint where underhand skills are used, ex. tossing a bean bag, skipping rocks
Low diagonal plane
__________: relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plan
Medial
____________: relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial
Median
_____________: cavity between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
Medullary (marrow) cavity
______________: a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum
Mid-Sternal line
_____________: a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla
Mid-axillary line
_____________: a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the mid-point of the clavicle
Mid-clavicular line
______________: a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis
Mid-inguinal point
______________: diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fingers
Opposition of the thumb
_____________: cells that form new bone
Osteoblasts
___________: cells that resorb old bone
Osteoclasts
The motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from these physiological movements is referred to as?
Osteokinematic motion
_____________: relating to the palm or solar aspect of the hand
Palmar
_______________: flexion movement of the wrist in the sagittal plane with the volar or anterior side of the hand moving toward the posterior side of the forearm
Palmar flexion
________________: dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
Periosteum
Give examples of long bones
Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus
___________: relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
Plantar
______________: extension movement of the ankle that results in the foot and/or toes moving away from the body in the sagittal plane
Plantar flexion
____________: behind, in back or in the rear
Posterior
_____________: a line that is parallel to the mix-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skin fold
Posterior axillary line
____________: behind or in back & below
Posteroinferior
_____________: behind and to one side, specifically the outside
Posterolateral
____________: behind and to the inner side
Posteromedial
_____________: behind or in back & above
Posterosuperior
_____________: internally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so that it lies diagonally across the ulna, resulting in the palm-down position of the forearm
Pronation
____________: face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach
Prone
____________: forward movement of shoulder girdle in horizontal pale away from the spine
Protraction (abduction)
_____________: nearest the trunk or point of origin
Proximal
______________: relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand
Radial
______________: abduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the thumb side of the hand toward the lateral forearm
Radial flexion (radial deviation)
____________: bending backward, as in knee hyperextension
Recurvatum
____________: return of the spinal column in the frontal plane to the anatomical position
Reduction (adduction)
_____________: diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition
Reposition of the thumb
______________: backward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane toward the spine
Retraction (adduction)
____________: abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion
Retroversion
______________: a series of point on one articular surface contacts a series of points on another articular surface; accessory movement
Roll (rock)
____________: rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward
Rotation downward
____________: rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward
Rotation upward
Give examples of movements that occur in the transverse plane
Rotation: forearm pronation & supination, spinal rotation
This axis runs from front to back & is associated with the frontal plane
Sagittal axis
This plane bisects the body from front to back, dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves. Generally, flexion & extension movements happen in this plane
Sagittal plane
_______________: a line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula
Scapula line
______________: in line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular, which is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane
Scapular plane
_________________: lateral curving of the spine
Scoliosis
_____________: diarthrodial joint that is found only in the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint and permits ball & socket movement with the exception of slight rotation (multiaxial, 3 degrees of freedom)
Sellar (saddle) joint
______________: bones designed to act as pulleys & increase strength of contraction; small bones embedded within the tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection as well as improve the mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units
Sesamoid bones
___________: bones that are wider than they are long; small cube-shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone; provide some shock absorption
Short bones
_____________: relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of
Sinister
____________: a single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface; motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or a center clockwise direction
Spin
______________: study of muscles, bones & joints as they are involved in the science of movement
Structural Kinesiology
_____________: near the surface, used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissues
Superficial
_____________: above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic
Superior (supra)
______________: above & to the outside
Superolateral
_____________: above & toward the midline or inside
Superomedial
____________: externally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so that it lies parallel to the ulna, resulting in palm-up direction of the forearm
Supination
_______________: face-upward position of the body; lying on the back
Supine
_____________: synarthrodial joint found in the cranial bones, truly immovable
Sutures
_____________: amphiarthrodail joint that is separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between bones & is considered cartilaginous; examples include symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs
Symphysis ***
_____________: joints that are immovable & fibrous; broken into sutures & gomphosis
Synarthrodial joints
What are the subclasses of function as classifications for joints?
Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial
______________: amphiarthrodial joint that is separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones & is considered cartilaginous; examples include constochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum
Synchondrosis ***
_______________: amphiarthrodial joint that is held together by strong ligamentous structures that allow minimal movement between bones & is considered fibrous; examples include coracoclavicular joint & inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
______________: relating to the tibial (medial) side of the lower extremity
Tibial
This plane divides the body into superior (cephalic) and inferior (caudal) halves. Generally, rotational movements occur in this plane
Transverse or horizontal plane
______________: diarthrodial joint that has a rotational movement around a long axis (uniaxial, one degree of freedom). Examples include rotation of the radius on the ulna at the proximal & distal radioulnar joints
Trochoidal (pivot/screw) joint
_____________: relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand
Ulnar
________________: adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm
Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)
______________: outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-kneed
Valgus
______________: inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
Varus
____________: relating to the belly or abdomen, on or award the front anterior part of
Ventral
Give examples of irregular bones
Vertebra, ischium, pubis, maxilla
______________: a line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine
Vertebral line
This axis runs straight down through the top of the head & is associated with the transverse plane
Vertical axis
____________: relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
Volar
Give examples of sesamoid bones
patella, small bones found in distal extremities of the foot, ankle, and hand