Chapter 1: Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

What are the skeleton's 5 major functions?

1. Protection of heart, lungs & brain 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles & acting as levers 4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus 5. Hemopoiesis - new RBC formation

__________: lateral movement away from the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane, ex. raising the arms to the side

Abduction

Give examples of movements that occur in the frontal plane

Abduction/adduction: jumping jacks, spinal lateral flexion

__________: movement medially toward the midline of the trunk in the frontal plane; ex. lower arms back to sides

Adduction

____________: slightly moveable joints that can be fibrous or cartilaginous; broken into syndesmosis, synchondrosis, symphysis

Amphiarthrodial joints

___________: study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system

Anatomic Kinesiology

_________________: the most widely used reference position; subject is standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, palms facing forward with feet parallel and touching

Anatomical position

Who needs/uses kinesiology?

Anatomists, coaches, strength & conditioning specialist, personal trainers, nurses, physical education teachers, massage therapists, physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapists, etc.

_______________: in front or in the front part

Anterior

______________: a line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skin fold

Anterior axillary line

_______________: in front & below

Anteroinferior

_______________: in front & to the outside

Anterolateral

______________: in front & toward the inner side or midline

Anteromedial

________________: in front & above

Anterosuperior

____________: abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion

Anteversion

______________: covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

______________: diarthrodial joint that is characterized by two flat surfaces that butt against each other (multiaxial, 3). Examples include carpal bones of wrist & tarsometatarsal joints of the foot

Athrodial (gliding) joint

The motion that occurs between articular surfaces is?

Athrokinematics

_________________: relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities

Bilateral

Give examples of short bones

Carpals & tarsals

___________: below in relation to another structure; inferior

Caudal

_____________: Above in relation to another structure; superior, higher

Cephalic

______________: circular movements of a limb that delineates an arc, combination of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction; ex. moving shoulder joint in a circle

Circumduction

______________: diarthrodial joint with bones that permit movement in two planes of motion without rotation (biaxial, 2). Examples include wrist (radoiocarpal joint)

Condyloidal (knuckle) joint

_____________: pertaining or relating to the opposite side

Contralateral

______________: hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

Cortex

_____________: beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

Deep

______________: inferior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane

Depression

___________: relating to or situated to the right or on the right side of

Dexter

This axis, also known as the oblique axis, runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane

Diagonal axis

This plane is a combination of more than one plane of motion & it is subdivided into high, low, low planes

Diagonal plane

__________________: long, cylindrical shaft of bone

Diaphysis

____________: joints that are freely moveable & synarthrodial; broken into arthrodial, condyloidal, enarthrodial, ginglymus, sellar & trochoidal. Have motion in multiple planes

Diarthrodial joints

____________: situated away from the center or midline of the body or away from the point of origin

Distal

____________: relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part or upper surface of; also relating to the top of the foot

Dorsal (dorsum)

______________: flexion movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane

Dorsiflexion

_____________: superior movement of the shoulder girdle in the frontal plane

Elevation

______________: diarthrodial joint that permits movement in all planes of motion (multiaxial - 3 degrees of freedom). examples include glenohumeral (shoulder) and acetabularfemoral (hip) joints

Enarthrodial (ball & socket) joint

____________: bones that develop from hyaline cartilage & rapidly develop into the bone they will eventually become. Bones grow longitudinally until about 25, but grow in diameter throughout life

Endochondral bones

_____________: fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Endosteum

______________: growth plate; thin cartilage that separates diaphysis and epiphysis

Epiphyseal plate

_______________: ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone

Epiphysis

______________: turing the sole of the foot outward or laterally in the frontal plane; abduction

Eversion

____________: straightening movement that result in an increase in the angle of a joint by moving bones apart usually in the sagittal plane; ex. lowering a bicep curl

Extension

_____________: rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the midline of the body that occurs in the transverse plane

External rotation

What are the subclasses of structure as classifications for joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

___________: relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the lower extremity

Fibular

____________: bones designed for protection & muscle attachment; usually having a curved surface and varying from thick to very thin

Flat bones

____________: bending movement that results in a decrease in the angle of a joint by bringing the bones closer together usually in the sagittal plane; ex. bicep curl

Flexion

Give examples of movements that occur in the sagittal plane

Flexion/extension: bicep curls, knee extensions, sit-ups

This axis runs from side to side & is associated with the sagittal plane

Frontal axis

This plane bisects the body laterally from side to side, dividing it into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) halves. Abduction & adduction occur in this plane

Frontal or coronal plane

______________: essentially the same as anatomical position, except arms are at the sides with palms facing the body

Fundamental position

______________: diarthrodial joint that permits a wide range of movement in only one plane (uniaxial, one degree of freedom). examples include humeroulnar (elbow), talocrural (ankle) and tibofemoral (knee) joints

Ginglymus (hinge) joints

____________: a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface

Glide (slide, translation)

_____________: synarthrodial joint found in the sockets of the teeth

Gomphosis

The specific amount of movement possible in a joint or ROM may be measured by using an instrument known as ___________

Goniometer

This plane refers to the upper limbs at should joints where overhead skills are used, ex. baseball pitch

High diagonal plane

Give examples of flat bones

Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula

____________: below in relation to another structure, caudal

Inferior (infra)

____________: below & to the outside

Inferolateral

___________: below & toward the midline or inside

Inferomedial

______________: rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone toward the midline of the body that occurs in the transverse plane

Internal rotation

______________: turning the sole of the foot inward or medially in the frontal plane; adduction

Inversion

___________: on the same side

Ipsilateral

______________: bones with odd shapes; serve a variety of purposes

Irregular bones

How are joints/articulations classified?

Joints are classified by structure & function

____________: study of motion or human movement

Kinesiology

___________: increasing curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane

Kyphosis

____________: on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane

Lateral

_____________: movement of the head and/or trunk in the frontal plane laterally away from the midline

Lateral flexion (abduction, side bending)

____________: bones that are longer than they are wide; composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends, shaft contains medullary cavity. Serve as levers

Long bones

______________: increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane

Lordosis

This plane refers to lower limbs at hip joints, ex. kicking a ball

Low diagonal plane

This plane refers to upper limbs at shoulder joint where underhand skills are used, ex. tossing a bean bag, skipping rocks

Low diagonal plane

__________: relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plan

Medial

____________: relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial

Median

_____________: cavity between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

Medullary (marrow) cavity

______________: a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the middle of the sternum

Mid-Sternal line

_____________: a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla

Mid-axillary line

_____________: a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the mid-point of the clavicle

Mid-clavicular line

______________: a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis

Mid-inguinal point

______________: diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fingers

Opposition of the thumb

_____________: cells that form new bone

Osteoblasts

___________: cells that resorb old bone

Osteoclasts

The motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from these physiological movements is referred to as?

Osteokinematic motion

_____________: relating to the palm or solar aspect of the hand

Palmar

_______________: flexion movement of the wrist in the sagittal plane with the volar or anterior side of the hand moving toward the posterior side of the forearm

Palmar flexion

________________: dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Periosteum

Give examples of long bones

Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus

___________: relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

Plantar

______________: extension movement of the ankle that results in the foot and/or toes moving away from the body in the sagittal plane

Plantar flexion

____________: behind, in back or in the rear

Posterior

_____________: a line that is parallel to the mix-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skin fold

Posterior axillary line

____________: behind or in back & below

Posteroinferior

_____________: behind and to one side, specifically the outside

Posterolateral

____________: behind and to the inner side

Posteromedial

_____________: behind or in back & above

Posterosuperior

_____________: internally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so that it lies diagonally across the ulna, resulting in the palm-down position of the forearm

Pronation

____________: face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach

Prone

____________: forward movement of shoulder girdle in horizontal pale away from the spine

Protraction (abduction)

_____________: nearest the trunk or point of origin

Proximal

______________: relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand

Radial

______________: abduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the thumb side of the hand toward the lateral forearm

Radial flexion (radial deviation)

____________: bending backward, as in knee hyperextension

Recurvatum

____________: return of the spinal column in the frontal plane to the anatomical position

Reduction (adduction)

_____________: diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition

Reposition of the thumb

______________: backward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane toward the spine

Retraction (adduction)

____________: abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion

Retroversion

______________: a series of point on one articular surface contacts a series of points on another articular surface; accessory movement

Roll (rock)

____________: rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward

Rotation downward

____________: rotary movement of the scapula in the frontal plane with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward

Rotation upward

Give examples of movements that occur in the transverse plane

Rotation: forearm pronation & supination, spinal rotation

This axis runs from front to back & is associated with the frontal plane

Sagittal axis

This plane bisects the body from front to back, dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves. Generally, flexion & extension movements happen in this plane

Sagittal plane

_______________: a line running vertically down the posterior surface of the body passing through the inferior angle of the scapula

Scapula line

______________: in line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular, which is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane

Scapular plane

_________________: lateral curving of the spine

Scoliosis

_____________: diarthrodial joint that is found only in the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint and permits ball & socket movement with the exception of slight rotation (multiaxial, 3 degrees of freedom)

Sellar (saddle) joint

______________: bones designed to act as pulleys & increase strength of contraction; small bones embedded within the tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection as well as improve the mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units

Sesamoid bones

___________: bones that are wider than they are long; small cube-shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone; provide some shock absorption

Short bones

_____________: relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of

Sinister

____________: a single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface; motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or a center clockwise direction

Spin

______________: study of muscles, bones & joints as they are involved in the science of movement

Structural Kinesiology

_____________: near the surface, used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissues

Superficial

_____________: above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

Superior (supra)

______________: above & to the outside

Superolateral

_____________: above & toward the midline or inside

Superomedial

____________: externally rotating the radius in the transverse plane so that it lies parallel to the ulna, resulting in palm-up direction of the forearm

Supination

_______________: face-upward position of the body; lying on the back

Supine

_____________: synarthrodial joint found in the cranial bones, truly immovable

Sutures

_____________: amphiarthrodail joint that is separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between bones & is considered cartilaginous; examples include symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs

Symphysis ***

_____________: joints that are immovable & fibrous; broken into sutures & gomphosis

Synarthrodial joints

What are the subclasses of function as classifications for joints?

Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial

______________: amphiarthrodial joint that is separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones & is considered cartilaginous; examples include constochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum

Synchondrosis ***

_______________: amphiarthrodial joint that is held together by strong ligamentous structures that allow minimal movement between bones & is considered fibrous; examples include coracoclavicular joint & inferior tibiofibular joint

Syndesmosis

______________: relating to the tibial (medial) side of the lower extremity

Tibial

This plane divides the body into superior (cephalic) and inferior (caudal) halves. Generally, rotational movements occur in this plane

Transverse or horizontal plane

______________: diarthrodial joint that has a rotational movement around a long axis (uniaxial, one degree of freedom). Examples include rotation of the radius on the ulna at the proximal & distal radioulnar joints

Trochoidal (pivot/screw) joint

_____________: relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand

Ulnar

________________: adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm

Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)

______________: outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-kneed

Valgus

______________: inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs

Varus

____________: relating to the belly or abdomen, on or award the front anterior part of

Ventral

Give examples of irregular bones

Vertebra, ischium, pubis, maxilla

______________: a line running vertically down through the spinous processes of the spine

Vertebral line

This axis runs straight down through the top of the head & is associated with the transverse plane

Vertical axis

____________: relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot

Volar

Give examples of sesamoid bones

patella, small bones found in distal extremities of the foot, ankle, and hand