Chapter 1 Intro To biology

eukaryotic, multicellular, organisms that function as consumers and have the ability to move

Kingdom Animalia

both unicellular and multicellular species that live as decomposers but do not carry out photosynthesis

Kingdom Fungi.

eukaryotic, multicellular, organisms that function as producers.

Kingdom Plantae.

The pages of your textbook consist mainly of material made by multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that function as producers in ecosystems. These organisms belong to the kingdom ____.

Plantae.

both unicellular and multicellular species that can be producers, consumers and decomposers.

Protist.

The information in DNA is copied into molecules of ____.

RNA.

A cell is minimally defined by ____.

an organized chemical system and specialized molecules surrounded by a membrane.

Bacteria and protozoans ____.

are unicellular organisms.

Bull dogs have been bred to have such a large head size that they can no longer give birth naturally. The process by which these dogs changed over time is called ____.

artificial selection.

The sequential stages through which individuals develop, grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce are collectively known as the ____.

life cycle.

You are studying an ecosystem on your campus. After a solid base of carefully observed and described facts, your next step would be to ____.

make a hypothesis.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are examples of ____.

metabolism.

understanding the mechanisms involved in human learning.

multicellular organism.

In the mid-nineteenth century Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace observed many organisms. Based on these observations, they arrived at an explanation, called ____, for how populations change through time.

natural selection.

When conducting descriptive research, a scientist primarily uses ____.

observational data.

What are the correct order of the basic steps of the scientific method?

observe --> hypothesize--> predict --> experiment --> interpret

. patients on anticholesterol drug

observed data.

In order to determine where a protein is expressed within a cell, a researcher tags the protein with a fluorescent label, and then views the cell using a fluorescent microscope. The location of the protein within the cell as determined by the researcher is considered the ____.

observed data.

Scientists want to determine whether chemical X, a component of fertilizer, is harmful to fish. They treat fish in the laboratory with increasing amounts of the chemical for one week and then measure their viability. What is the experimental variable for this experiment?

chemical X.

The difference between living and nonliving matter depends not only on the kinds of atoms and molecules present, but on their ____ as well.

organization and interactions.

A group of organisms of the same species that live together in the same place make up a(n) ____.

population.

determining the mortality rate of women with breast cancer

population.

. Monkeys, trees, snakes, moss, birds, sunlight, rain, rocks and bugs together would be considered a(n) ____.

ecosystem.

Which term describes a community and the nonliving environmental factors with which it interacts?

ecosystem.

understanding how the conversion of farmland into suburbs affects animal behavior.

ecosystem.

Every population of animals has an age structure, a graphical representation of the distribution of age groups within the population. While each individual in a population has a specific age, individuals themselves do not have an age structure. Age structure is therefore an example of a(n) ____ property.

emergent.

A cell that is observed under the microscope is found to have its DNA enclosed in a nucleus, and has other specialized internal compartments. The cell is a(n) ____.

eukaryote.

Our understanding of the evolutionary process reveals that ____.

evolution has produced the spectacular diversity of life on Earth.

When a student manipulates a system under study, he or she is collecting ____.

experimental data.

memory test scores.

experimental data.

Drug X

experimental variable.

Scientists structure hypotheses in such a way that if they are wrong, they will be able to demonstrate it is wrong. This is the principle of ____.

falsifiability.

The process by which information in genes guides the production of RNA and proteins is called ____.

gene expression.

Within an organism, all cells have the same ____, whereas different cell types contain different ____.

genes; protein.

A group of similar species that share recent common ancestry is a(n) ____.

genus.

A randomly selected group of organisms from an order would show more genetic and anatomical variability than a similar group randomly picked from a(n) _____.

genus.

The scientific name of an organism is composed of two names. The first part identifies the ____ while the second part designates the ____.

genus; species.

Maintaining your body's internal temperature within narrow tolerable range is one example of ____.

homeostasis.

List one Darwin and Wallace's observations and conclusions explaining biological evolution.

(1. Most organisms can produce numerous offspring, but environmental factors limit the number that actually survive and reproduce. 2. Heritable variations allow some individuals to compete more successfully for space, food, and mates. 3. These successful individuals somehow pass the favorable characteristics to their offspring. 4. As a result, the favorable traits become more common in the next generation, and less successful traits become less common.)

Explain the need for a null hypothesis, especially in ecology and evolution. What does a null hypothesis accomplish?

(A null hypothesis is a statement of what a researcher would see if the hypothesis being tested is wrong. Ecologists usually tackle systems that are too complex to control, so a null hypothesis anticipates, or provides, an alternative hypothesis to answer questions.)

You are at a stage in your research in which you must design an experiment to test your hypothesis. Which factors must you include to ensure that you obtain valid data?

(Any experimental design must include a control group, an experimental group or variable, and must include replicates to validate data.)

Statements about what a researcher expects to happen to one variable if another variable changes are called ____.

hypotheses.

Scientists want to determine whether chemical X, a component of fertilizer, is harmful to fish. They treat fish in the laboratory with increasing amounts of the chemical for one week and then measure their viability. When researchers designed this experiment, they wrote "chemical X is toxic to fish" in their lab notebook. This statement is a(n) ____.

hypothesis.

Why do scientists use model organisms?

(Model organisms have rapid development, short life cycles, and small adult sizes, making them ideal to work with in the laboratory setting. Many forms of life share similar molecules, structures, and processes; thus, research on these small and often simple organisms provides insights into biological processes that operate in larger and more complex ones.)

Scientific theories are of fundamental importance in science. Explain the difference between the term "theory" as employed in science versus "theory" as employed in everyday language.

(Scientific theories have withstood the test of time and have been extensively confirmed by repeated experiments. The term as used in science has validity whereas in everyday context it takes the form of an opinion or a guess.)

Which mutation is an example of an adaptation?

A mutation renders an individual immune to HIV infection.

Scientists want to determine whether chemical X, a component of fertilizer, is harmful to fish. They treat fish in the laboratory with increasing amounts of the chemical for one week and then measure their viability. When researchers designed this experiment, they wrote "If chemical X is toxic, the fish will begin to look sick and die." This statement is a(n) ____.

prediction.

In the field of ____, researchers determine how multiple proteins interact with each other.

proteomics.

The algae used to make sushi rolls are classified as ____.

protists.

Living systems have the capacity to detect environmental changes and compensate for them through controlled responses. This is possible because living systems have ____.

receptors.

Scientists that focus on small individual parts of a living system are using a(n) ____ approach.

reductionist.

400 patients with Alzheimer's disease.

replicates.

The process by which parents produce offspring is called ____.

reproduction.

Applied researchers conduct their work to ____.

solve specific practical problems.

A group of organisms in which the individuals are so closely related in structure, biochemistry, and behavior that they can successfully interbreed is a(n) ____.

species.

The most fundamental grouping in the classification of living organisms is the ____.

species.

Mutations are ____.

the basis of variability among individuals.

An experimental approach in which scientists make observations about the natural world, develop tentative explanations about what they observe, and then test those explanations by collecting more information, is referred to as ____.

the scientific method.

Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is ____.

transmitted to offspring in the form of DNA.

Which research topic would fall within the area of systems biology?

understanding how stress hormones affect the organs in the human body.

Which of the following scientific names is written in the correct format?

Canis latrans.

Which pair of organisms would be classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea.

A researcher in a lab finds a microscopic organism that has no nucleus, but has distinctive structural molecules and mechanisms of photosynthesis. The organisms are abundant in virtually every habitat on Earth. The researcher has identified this organism as belonging to the domain ____.

Bacteria.

The science of ____ explains the origin and persistence of life, and studies the changes in living things.

Biology.

Cats, dogs, and fish are consumers that have the ability to move actively from one place to another. These organisms belong to the ____ kingdom.

Animalia.

A researcher in a lab finds a microscopic organism that is a producer. Populations of this organism are found in extreme environments (e.g., hot springs). The researcher will correctly identify this organism as belonging to the domain ____.

Archaea.

The large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains instructions for assembling a living organism from simpler molecules is ____.

DNA.

The most fundamental and important molecule that distinguishes living systems from nonliving matter is ____.

DNA.

prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that inhabit extreme environments.

Domain Archaea.

prokaryotic, unicellular organisms with unique structural molecules and mechanisms of photosynthesis.

Domain Bacteria.

one of the three highest levels of organization, comprised of unicellular and multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus.

Domain Eukarya.

A student encounters an organism that resembles a plant and whose cells contain a nucleus. The organism is most likely classified as a(n) ____.

Eukarya.

Populations can be described in terms of their diversity and stability.

False - Communities.

Internal body temperature in humans is regulated primarily by behavioral mechanisms.

False - homeostatic

The process by which producers harness electromagnetic energy and convert it into chemical energy is cellular respiration.

False - photosynthesis

The example of an adaptation provided by the rock pocket mice illustrates the observation that genetic differences often develop between individuals.

False - populations

. The process by which RNA is converted into protein is called transcription.

False - translation

Although Darwin and Wallace understood the central importance of heritability among organisms to the process of evolution, they could not explain how new variations arose or how they were passed to the next generation.

False - variability

Shitake mushrooms are decomposers that break down biological molecules from dead organisms. These organisms belong to the ____ kingdom.

Fungi.

Emergent properties are ____.

characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter but do not exist at lower levels of organization.

Favorable mutations may produce adaptations.

True

Much of our understanding of how large organisms respond to environmental variation is based on observations of model species.

True

Protists do not constitute a kingdom because they do not share a unique common ancestor.

True

Researchers who study the impact of nitrogen-based fertilizers on increasing crop growth use applied research methods.

True

A biologist who searches for explanations about natural phenomena solely to satisfy her curiosity and advance our collective knowledge of living systems practices ____.

basic research.

Populations of all organisms change from one generation to the next because their DNA changes over time. This is known as ____.

biological evolution.

It is through ____ that we further our knowledge of living things.

biological research.

The observations you make and experimental data you collect in your biology laboratory class are examples of ____.

biological research.

determining how human and animal behaviors affect greenhouse gases.

biosphere.

Which group would be considered a community? a. fish, birds, alligators, water b. a group of alligators c. polar bears, seals, fish d. pandas, bamboo and mountains e. a group of seaweed

c. polar bears, seals, fish.

The percentage of African Americans, Hispanics, Caucasians, and Asians in a neighborhood is an emergent property of a(n)____.

c. population

The lowest level of biological organization that can survive and reproduce is the ____.

cell.

The process by which cells break down complex molecules in the presence of oxygen to release energy is called ____.

cellular respiration.

All the populations of different organisms that live in the same place form a(n) ____.

community.

determining the percentage of mosquitoes living in the forest as compared to other insect types

community.

patients treated with placebo.

control.

Scientists want to determine whether chemical X, a component of fertilizer, is harmful to fish. They treat fish in the laboratory with increasing amounts of the chemical for one week and then measure their viability. Fish that are not treated with chemical X are considered ____.

controls.

. A series of programmed changes encoded in DNA, through which a fertilized egg divides into many cells that ultimately are transformed into an adult organism, is known as ____.

development.

The group that is the most inclusive and has recently been added to the classification scheme is ____.

domain.

The highest level of the hierarchical classification of life is the ____.

domain.