Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminal Justice

Rules and procedures for protecting individuals accused of crime from arbitrary and excessive abuse of power by the government are located under what amendment.

14th amendment

Montgomery bus boycott

A boycott of public transportation initiated by the arrest of Rosa Parks.

Domino theory

A claim that the continued fall of governments to communist rule would threaten democracy.

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

A conduit for the transfer of federal funds to state and local law enforcement agencies.

War on crime

A declaration by President L. Johnson in 1965 to counter crime and social disorder.

Preliminary hearing

A hearing before a magistrate judge in which prosecution presents evidence to convince the judge that there is probable cause to bring the defendant to trail.

Probable cause hearing

A hearing to determine whether there is a direct link between a suspect and a crime.

Arraignment hearing

A hearing where charges are read and the defendant is asked to enter a plea.

True bill

A jury's decision that authorizes the prosecutor to arraign the defendant.

Input-output model

A model of how people are processed through the CJS until they exit the system.

Crime-control (public order model)

A model of the CJS in which emphasis is placed on fighting crime and protecting potential victims.

Due process model

A model that ensures that individuals are protected from arbitrary and excessive abuse of power by the government.

Civil disobidence

A nonviolent approach of protest in the civil rights movement.

Grand jury

A panel of citizens that decides whether there is probable cause to indict a defendant on the alleged charges.

Meta-influence

A phenomenon that results in encompassing transformation changes.

Law Enforcement Educational Program (LEEP)

A program created to promote education among CJ personnel by offering loans and grants to pursue higher education.

System of social control

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interactions.

Vietnam War

A war from 1955 - 1975 in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Order maintenance

Activities of law enforcement that resolve conflicts and assist in the regulation of day-to-day interactions of citizens.

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

An act that provided resources to local and state government to assist in he adoption of reforms, including the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.

Original ten amendments

Bill of Rights

The Criminal Justice System is commonly divided into three sub-components: police, courts, and __________.

Corrections

Informal sanctions are social norms enforced through family, school, government, and religion; Expected normal behavior. Formal sanctions are promoted through social order and the common welfare. Laws are formal sanctions.

Differences between informal sanctions and formal sanctions.

Substantive due process

Due process that refers to the constitutionality of laws.

War on Terrorism effective?

Expanded wiretaps, expanded search and seizure, expanded powers of foreign nationals, people choose safety over liberty

Grand jury

In felony cases, the __________ hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial.

Jim Crow laws (Black Codes)

Laws passes after the Civil War to overstep the basic human rights ad civil liberties of African-Americans.

Booking

Police activity that establishes the ID of an arrested person and formally charges that person with a crime.

War on terrorism

President George W. Bush's declaration regarding the response of the US to the events of 9/11.

Civil Rights

Prior to the __________ Act of 1964, businesses, hotels, restaurants, and public transportation could and did refuse service with impunity to citizens of color.

Bail

Release of the defendant prior to trial.

Due process rights

Rights guaranteed to persons by the Constitution and its amendments.

Landmark case which abolished capital punishment for juveniles. (pg. 17)

Roper v. Simmons

Formal sanctions

Social norms enforced through the laws of the criminal justice system.

Informal sanctions

Social norms that are enforced through the social forces of the family, school, government, and religion.

Explain the difference between sociology and criminology.

Sociology is the study of human social behavior while criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. While criminology can include the study of the criminal justice system, criminal justice has evolved into a distinctively different discipline from criminology.

Due process amendment

The 14th Amendment of the US Constitution prohibiting local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process.

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka

The U.S. SC decision that resulted in the movement to integrate schools, public transportation, business, and society.

Civil Rights Act

The act declaring that it is illegal for businesses, hotel, restaurants, and public transportation to deny citizens service based on their race.

Equal Employment Opportunity Act

The act that ended discrimination in law enforcement and corrections based on race, gender, and other protected categories.

Checks and balances

The authority of the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch to provide a constitutional check on the actions of each other.

Criminology

The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.

Criminal justice system

The enforcement, by the police, the courts and correctional institutions, of obedience to laws.

Social norms

The expected normative behavior in a society.

Indictment

The formal verdict of the grand jury that there is sufficient evidence to bring a person to trial.

Picket fence model

The model of the CJS in which local, state, federal CJS are depicted as horizontal levels connected vertically by the roles, functions, and activities of the agencies that comprise them.

Presumption of innocence

The most important principle of the due process model requiring all accused persons to be treated innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.

Procedural due process

The process and procedure the government can use to prosecute an individual.

Sociology

The study of human social behavior.

Enemy combatants

The suspension of due process rights for accused terrorists under the enemy combatant executive order.

Incorporate

To grant rights defined by the US Constitution to the citizens of a state.

Arrest

To restrict the freedom of a person by taking him or her into police custody.

False

True or False: Probation is an early release from a maximum prison sentence.

Slave patrols

White militia who were responsible for controlling, returning, and punishing runaway slaves.