Chapter 1

Specialties of anatomy

1. microscopic anatomy 2. macro (gross) anatomy

The normal heart rate for an adult is...

60-100

Disease (real definition)

A condition in which the body fails to function normally

Endemic

A disease that is continually present within a specific population or region

Epidemic

A disease that occurs suddenly in large numbers over a specific region

Pandemic

A disease that spreads country or worldwide

Positive feedback may be necessary for...

A process to run to completion

Syndrome

A set of signs and symptoms that commonly occur with a specific disease process

Physiology

-focuses on the function and vital processes of various body structures -deals with all the vital process of life

What is the suffix in the term gastritis?

-itis

Individuals who exhibit Syndrome X are at an increased risk for...(three)

1. A form of diabetes 2. Heart attack 3. Stroke

Metabolism is divided into TWO opposite processes...

1. Anabolism 2. Catabolism

Things that can affect/alter the balance (homeostasis) (seven)

1. Eating habits 2. Smoking 3. Inherited traits 4. Trauma 5. Cancer 6. Environmental factors 7. Aging

Chronic conditions (three)

1. Gradual onset 2. Symptoms may disappear (remission) 3. Symptoms may reoccur (relapse)

Example of homeostasis (two)

1. Heart rate and 2. Blood pressure must remain within a certain set point (range)

Syndrome X: people with this syndrome usually exhibit three of five common conditions

1. High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) 2. High blood pressure (hypertension) 3. Abdominal obesity 4. High triglycerides 5. Low blood levels of HDL (good cholesterol)

Physiology subspecialties (four)

1. Human physiology 2. Animal physiology 3. Cellular physiology 4. Neurophysiology

What is the etiology of Syndrome X? (two)

1. Poor diet 2. Lack of exercise

Vital signs (four)

1. Temperature 2. Pulse 3. Respiration 4. Blood pressure

What is the meaning of the prefix hyper?

Above normal

Which term has a prefix that means "extremities"?

Acromegaly

Prefixes and suffixes

Added to root words and can change/alter the meaning

Metabolism

All the energy and material transformations that occur within living cells

A condition that exhibits a rapid onset of signs and symptoms is referred to as what?

An acute condition

A disease that occurs suddenly in large numbers in a specific region is called

An epidemic

Disease (loose definition)

Anything that upsets normal structure or function

What is the meaning of the prefix in the term pericarditis?

Around

What physiological change does the body make when the body temperature rises above normal?

Blood vessels dilate

What is an example of a necessary and good positive feedback loop?

Contractions during birth

Signs

Definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness: fever, cough, vital signs

What is the first step in diagnosing a disease?

Determining the patient's chief complaint

If a patient has breath that smells like fruit-flavored chewing gum or nail polish remover, they may have which disease?

Diabetes

Root

Each medical term has a basic structure upon which to build

Which term has a suffix that means "a recording"?

Electrocardiogram

Which term has a word root that means "red"?

Erythrocyte

What term is used to describe signs and symptoms of a disease that suddenly "flare up"?

Exacerbation

After a routine exam, the physician tells a patient that the patient has hypertension, abdominal obesity, and low HDL. This patient is at high risk for which condition?

Heart attack

Survival depends on our ability to maintain....

Homeostasis

Diagnosis

Identification of an injury or disease

Positive feedback

Increases the magnitude of a change versus resisting change (vicious cycle)

Positive feedback is harmful if...

It cannot be broken

Why is positive feedback NOT a way to regulate the body

It increases a change away from a set point

Prognosis

Predication or outcome of a disease

Catabolism

Process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances

Anabolism

Process by which simpler compounds are built up and used to manufacture materials for growth, repair, and reproduction

Homeostasis (loose term)

Process of the body working to make things function smoothly and maintain a balance

Acute conditions

Rapid onset of signs and symptoms

Objective, measurable indicators of an illness are called

Signs

Homeostatic regulation refers to

The adjustments made in the human organism to maintain a stable internal environment

Example of homeostatic regulation

Thermostat in your home

What is the meaning of the suffix -oma?

Tumor

Example of positive feedback

Uterine contractions during labor

Negative feedback loop

When the feedback opposes the stimulus

When do you note the systolic pressure?

When you hear the pulse return as you slowly deflate the bladder

Combining forms

Word roots with connecting vowels (usually o)

What is the abbreviation for "give twice a day"?

b.i.d.

How is physiology related to anatomy

it's the study of how an anatomical structure actually functions

Medical terminology

native language of health professionals

Anatomy

study of internal and external body structures

Microscopic anatomy

the study of body structures that can only be seen using a microscope

Macroscopic anatomy

the study of body structures visible to the naked eye

What is the root in the term bradycardia

Cardi/o

What is the first step that should be done when assessing blood pressure?

Locate the brachial artery

All the energy and material transformations that occur within living cells is called...

Metabolism

What is the major system of measurement used in health care?

Metric system

Symptoms

More subjective and difficult to measure consistently: pain

Clinical application: how many people are affected by Metabolic Syndrome

Nearly 1/4 of the US

First step in forming a diagnosis

Obtain patient history and the chief complaint/concern (CC)

Etiology

The cause of the disease

Example of negative feedback loop

The hypothalamus uses it to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis

The metric system

The mathematical language of anatomy and physiology used to measure: weight, volume, length

Morbidity

The measure of the disabilities and extent of problems caused by an illness

Mortality

The measure of the number of deaths attributed to a specific disease in a given population over a period of time

Homeostasis

The physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium

Pathophysiology

The study of disease