Chapter 1 nutrition

A correspondence school that grinds out degrees the way a grain mill grinds out flour.

Diploma mill

A study of a population that searches for possible correlations between nutrition factors and health patterns over time

Epidemiological study

Substances obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance, and repair

Essential nutrients

What term refers to nutrients that the body must obtain from food?

Essential nutrients

The participants in a study who receive the real treatment or intervention under investigation

Experimental group

The key to disease prevention and optimal health is eating certain foods and avoiding other foods.

False

Part of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees freedom of the press.

First Amendment

Helen is ordering a pizza for her family. Which topping(s) would be the best choice as a good low-calorie selection?

Green peppers, mushrooms, and onions

Conscious deceit regarding health that is practiced for profit.

Health fraud

A population study examining the effects of a treatment on experimental subjects compared to a control group

Intervention study

What is a function of water in the body?

It transports hormonal messages from place to place.

All of the chemical and physical reactions occurring in living cells

Metabolism

A substance that must be obtained from food because the body cannot make it in sufficient quantities

Nutrient

A person who claims to be capable of advising people about their diets.

Nutritionist

How does the diet of the centenarians from the islands of Okinawa compare to that of most U.S. adults?

Okinawans consume more vegetables but fewer calories.

Which strategy would most likely support healthy eating when dining out?

Order grilled rather than fried foods

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding American current food intake and health status?

Over half of Americans suffer from a disease or condition is preventable through dietary intake and physical activity.

A sham or neutral treatment given to a control group

Placebo

Which activity demonstrates making a food choice based on sustainability issues in relation to food consumption?

Purchasing corn from the farmer in your neighborhood

Another name for fraud.

Quackery

A professional who has graduated from a program of dietetics accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE).

RD

Where do most Americans obtain nutrition information?

Television

Imagine that you are reading a magazine article about a new product that claims to benefit health. Which characteristic suggests that these claims might be valid?

The peer-reviewed scientific research is cited.

Simone is looking for scientifically supported information on nutrition, and performs an Internet search. Which criteria suggest that the site features unreliable information?

The sources of statistics and study findings discussed are unavailable on the site.

A slice of pizza contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 14 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. How many total calories would the slice of pie provide?

...

What is the approximate prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults in the United States today?

...

A measure of the energy that food can provide

Calories

What is a leading cause of death in the United States that is linked to diet?

Cancer

If you weigh 200 pounds and are at a desirable weight, how much of that weight is water?

120 pounds

One gram of carbohydrate yields ____ calories, 1 gram of fat yields ____ calories, and 1 gram of protein yields ____calories.

4; 9; 4

A double cheeseburger with bacon contains 44 grams of protein, 28 grams of carbohydrate, and 39 grams of fat. What percentage of calories in the sandwich comes from fat?

55%

Sasha wants to consume 30 percent of her total calories from fat and she eats 1800 calories per day. What is the maximum number of fat grams she should eat?

60 grams

Who would be the most appropriate person to consult for nutrition information?

A registered dietitian

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A, D, E, and K

Approval by a professional organization of an educational program offered.

Accreditation

A group of individuals with characteristics that match the group being treated in an intervention study but who receive a sham treatment or no treatment at all

Control group

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

B vitamins and C

A school from which courses can be taken and degrees granted by mail.

Correspondence school

Which term is included in the acronym CARS, and is applied in determining the quality of information found on the Internet?

Credibility

Access to an abundance of foods has been shown to contribute to increased rates of ________.

degenerative diseases

One hallmark of a credible nutrition article is that it ____.

describes results of a study of a sufficiently large group of people

Degenerative illnesses sometimes known as ____.

diseases of affluence

The habit of hara hachi bu in Okinawan culture involves ____.

eating until only 80 percent full

A(n) _____________ examines populations to determine food patterns and health status over time.

epidemiological study

Which nutrient provides the most energy per gram?

fat

The physiological need for food is also known as _______.

hunger

Jerry signs up for a scientific study in which he will follow a special diet that may lower his high blood cholesterol level. This is a(n) ____.

intervention study

What is the collective term for all the chemical and physical reactions occurring in living cells, including the reactions by which the body obtains and uses energy from foods?

metabolism

A published study whose results have been reviewed by experts in the field of study

peer review

Avoiding the consumption of meat on Fridays during Lent is an example of a food choice based on ______.

religion

One nutrition-related Healthy People 2020 objective is to reduce the consumption of ____ in the U.S. population.

solid fats and added sugars

Limiting your intake of sodium is most helpful in reducing your risk of ____.

stroke

Who often plays the most powerful role in determining the typical individual's food choices?

the mother

On average, how much water does your body lose each day in the form of sweat and urine?

Two to three quarts

You are looking for a legitimate, qualified dietitian to advise you on a healthy eating plan for your family. Which characteristic might alert you to do further research?

Use of the term nutritionist after the individual's name

Accuracy in results; low risk of results simply being a coincidence

Validity

Which substances are included in the six classes of nutrients?

Water, carbohydrates, and fats

Which substance provides seven calories per gram?

alcohol

_______is the psychological desire to eat.

appetite

The First Amendment to the Constitution allows freedom of the press for writers to make claims for nutrition products.

true

The Okinawans have a lower prevalence of chronic diseases than most other cultures in the world.

true

The diet of Okinawan elders is 80 percent plant-based and is high in soy.

true

The social and cultural groups to which a person belongs have a little effect on food choices.

false

Which nutrients regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism rather than supplying energy?

Vitamins and minerals

A ______ food is one that is low in calories compared to the amount of nutrients it contains.

nutrient-dense

A _______ study minimizes the chances that the results are due to a placebo effect or to bias on the part of the researcher.

controlled and randomized

A simultaneous change in two factors

correlation

A nutrition claim that appears in a newspaper is usually a confirmed, and therefore reliable, finding.

false

As a consequence of an abundant food supply, Americans experience some of the lowest rates of degenerative diseases in the world.

false

Because the U.S. media is closely regulated, nutritional information disseminated by the media is highly reliable.

false

Diet is the sole culprit in causing chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.

false

Even when people are served more food, they tend to eat the same amount.

false

Meals eaten at fast food restaurants commonly contain similar amount of calories, fiber, and saturated fat to meals prepared at home.

false

Nutrient deficiency diseases are one of the leading causes of death in America.

false

Okinawans are a group of Eskimos that eat a high-fat diet but still maintain good health.

false

Risk of lifestyle-related chronic diseases is purely hereditary.

false

The "best if used by" date on a product is merely a suggestion and can be ignored for bulk items.

false

Limiting fat intake to 20 to 30 percent of total calories is recommended to reduce the risk of ____.

heart disease

What is the leading cause of death in the United States for people over age 24?

heart disease

Cutting back on intake of meat and poultry is a viable option for reducing fat in the diet and trimming food budgets.

true

Extremely low income can put a person at risk for undernutrition.

true