Chapter 1- Origins of Exercise Physiology: Foundations for the Field of Study

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

18th century French scientist remembered for his contributions to the metabolic role of oxygen uptake and carbon monoxide production

William Beaumont

19th century American physician-- physiologist whose decisive experiments in food digestion paved the way for future studies in exercise physiology of gastric emptying, intestinal absorption, electrolyte balance, rehydration, and nutritional supplementation

Herodicus

5th century B.C. Greek physician who advocated proper diet in physical training

Susruta

6th-century B.C. Indian physician who promoted the positive influence of different exercise modes on human health and disease ; detailed 800 medical procedures and penned accounts of 100s of physical conditions relating to various disease states and organ deficiencies including the health-related benefits of exercise. He considered obesity a disease and posited that a sedentary lifestyle contributed to this malady

Fernand Lagrange

Accomplished French "physical cultures" who wrote extensively on exercise, including the 1888 text, The Physiology of Bodily Exercise, the book is believed by some to be the first exercise physiology textbook

AAHPERD

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (now Society of Health and Physical Educators or Shape)

AAAPE

American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education formed in 1885; represented the first professional organization in the United States to include topics related to exercise physiology

Edward Hitchcock Jr.

Amherst College Professor of Hygiene and Physical Education who devoted his academic career to the scientific study of physical exercise and training and body size and shape. His 1860 text on anatomy and physiology, coauthored with his father, significantly influenced the sports science movement in the United States after 1860

Galen

Ancient Greek physician who wrote extensively about the importance of proper nutrition to improve health, walking to improve stamina, and strengthening muscles through rope climbing and lifting heavy objects

Empedocles

Ancient Greek scholar who promoted the idea of four "bodily humors" and their role in the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems

August Krogh

Awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the mechanism that controlled capillary blood flow in resting and active muscle. His basic experiments resulted in more than 300 scientific papers in scientific journals on many topics in exercise science physiology

A.V. Hill

Awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for investigations concerning the mechanism involved in the activity of striated muscle contraction, and discovery that nerve impulses produced heat

Per Henrik Ling

Became the first director of Stockholm's Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1913, and developed a system of "medical gymnastics" that incorporated studies of anatomy and physiology, and his steadfast insistence that RCIG graduates have a strong science background

John Mourilyan Tanner

British exercise physiologist and growth and development researcher who developed the Tanner scale to assess pubertal sexual development stages; also studied ratio expressions of physiological data with reference to body size and function, cardiac output, cholesterol and body build, physiological responses to exercise, and resistance training

Sir Joseph F. Barcroft

British research physiologist who pioneered fundamental concepts concerning hemoglobin function, and performed experiments to determine how cold temperature affected the central nervous system. For up to an hour, he would lie without clothing on a couch in subfreezing temperatures and record his subjective reactions to cold stress

James Lind

Carried out the first planned, controlled clinical trial in 1747 aboard a sailing ship by proving that adding lemons and limes to the sailor's diets prevented almost sure death from scurvy, the "great sea plague". His landmark experiment emphasized the crucial importance of dietary supplements in preventing disease

Ibn al-Nafis

Challenged the long-standing beliefs of Galen about how blood moved from the heart's right to the left side; also predicted the existence of capillaries 400 years before eminent Italian microscopist Malpighi's discovery of the pulmonary capillaries

Hippocrates

Considered the "father" of modern medicine during the Golden Age of Greece, remembered for his writings about preventative medicine

George Wells Fitz, MD

Created the first departmental major in Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training at Harvard in 1891 and the year started the first formal exercise physiology laboratory in the United States

Andrometer

Device devised in 1855 by a tailor in Edinburgh to secure the physical dimensions of soldiers for purpose of fitting uniforms

Nathan Zuntz

Devised the first portable metabolic apparatus to assess respiratory exchange in animals and humans at different altitudes; proved that carbohydrates were precursors for lipid synthesis and maintained that dietary lipids and carbohydrates should not be consumed equally for proper nutrition

Carl von Voit

Discovered the isodynamic law and the calorific heat values of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. he disproved Liebig's assertion that protein was a primary energy fuel by showing that protein breakdown does not increase in proportion to exercise duration intensity

Corpus Hippocraticum

During Greece's Golden Age, scholars collected medical books, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various medicine topics, including the solemn "Hippocratic Oath," which has as one of its main tenants that physicians consider the patient first, and provide excellent patient care at all times

De Arte Gymnastica Apud Ancientes

Essay penned by Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis; influenced by Greek physician Galen, it discussed many uses of exercise for preventive and therapeutic medical and health benefits

John D. Hooker

First professor of physical education in an American college (Amherst College)

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Founded at Harvard's Business School in 1927 to become one of the world's foremost research centers to study exercise physiology-related topics, thereby legitimizing exercise physiology as a valid areas of research and study

Nutrition Laboratory at the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C.

Founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1904 as an organization for scientific discovery, including experiments in nutrition and energy metabolism

European College of Sport Science (ECSS)

Founded in 1995 to promote science and research and interdisciplinary cooperation among sports science and sports medicine

Claude Bernard

French physician and experimental scientist generally acknowledged as one of the greatest physiologists of his time. His medical experiments in the mid-1800s in chemical and regulatory physiology profoundly impacted medicine

Francois Magendie

French physiologist who contributed to the foundations of experimental physiology, neuroscience, and neurosurgery

Otto Fritz Meyerhof

German physician and cell physiologist awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the fixed relationship between a muscle's oxygen uptake and lactic acid metabolism

Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger

German physiologist and professor at the Bonn Institute of Physiology from 1859 until the early 1900s who founded the scientific journal Pflugers's Archiv and pioneered physiological gas pumps and catheter instrumentation related to pulmonary medicine

Justis von Liebig

German physiologist remembered for his scientific contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry; considered the founder of organic chemistry

Max Rubner

German physiologist remembered for studies with direst and indirect calorimetry, and determining food's specific dynamic action

Hieronymus Mercurialis

Greek physician of antiquity

ACSM Clinical Certifications

Includes the Certified Clinical Exercise Physiologist and Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist

ACSM Health and Fitness Certifications

Includes the Certifies Personal Trainer, Certified Group Exercise Instructor, and Certified Exercise Physiologist

ACSM Specialty Certifications

Includes the Exercise is Medicine Credential, Certified Ringside Physician, Certified Inclusive Fitness Trainer, Certified Cancer Exercise Trainer, and Certified Physical Activity in Public Health Specialist

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world with more 50,000 members and certified professionals in 90 countries

Sports Medicine

Link between the scientific and medical preventive and rehabilitative aspects of physical activity, physical fitness, and exercise and sports performance

Charles Sedgwick Minot

Massachusetts Institute of Technology-- educated chemist with European training in physiology who in 1891 taught the histology course at Harvard's Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training

British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES)

Mission promotes excellence in sports and the exercise sciences, with emphasis on interdisciplinary cooperation among the sub disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, and psychology

New Jersey State Medical Society

Oldest medical professional society in the United States; it was founded in 1766

Austin Flint Jr.

One of the first American pioneer physician-scientists who incorporated studies about physiological responses to exercise; his influential medical physiology textbooks fostered the belief among 19th-century American physical education teachers that muscular exercise should be taught from a strong foundation of science and experimentation

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Persian physician who contributed knowledge to 200 books, including the influential Shifa (The Book of Healing) and Al Qanun fi Tibb (The Canon of Medicine)

Marie (Jorgensen) Krogh

Physician and research collaborator with husband on many exercise physiology research projects, including respiration at high altitude

Dudley Allen Sargent

Physician, educator, and director of physical training at Bowdoin College, Maine, in 1869, Director of the Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard from 1879 to 1916, director of the Normal School of Physical Training at Cambridge, Massachusetts. After his retirement, he became president of the Sargent School of Physical Education, which specialized in preparing teachers of physical education

American Society of Exercise Physiologists (APA)

Professional organization representing and promoting the profession of exercise physiology

American Physiological Association

Professional organization that publishes 16 scientific journals, including Journal of Applied Physiology, Physiological Reviews, and Endocrinology and Metabolism

D.B. Dill

Prolific experimental exercise physiologist who helped establish the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory from 1927 to 1946 in the basement of Morgan Hall of Harvard's Business School; legitimized exercise physiology as an important area of research and study

Hjalmar Ling

Published an important textbook about the "kinesiology of body movements" in 1866

Thomas K. Cureton

Remembered as the Father of Physical Fitness Research, ACSM charter member, 1969 ACSM Honor Award recipient, University of Illinois Professor of Physical Education, researcher, and prolific author who trained four generations of graduate students beginning in 1941

Lawrence Joseph Henderson

Renowned Harvard chemist and professor of biochemistry who founded the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, dedicated to study exercise and environmental physiology

August Krogh Institute

Research institute in Copenhagen named to honor 1920 Nobel Laureate for his innovative and pioneering exercise physiology research studies

Bengt Saltin

Swedish research physician and exercise physiologist who published 445 scientific studies from 1960 to 2014 in exercise physiology and related fields; awarded the 2002 International Olympic Committee Medical Commission Olympic Prize on Sport Science for pioneering work on the effects of exercise and training on health, illness and aging

Franklin M. Henry

University of California professor of Physical Education who first proposed physical education as an academic discipline. He conducted basic experiments in exercise physiology and psychology, and is remembered for developing the "specificity principle" of motor coordination, learning, and performance