Genetics 1
D
Albinism in humans is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Two normal (non-albino) parents have fournormal and one albino child. Which of the choices show the most likely genotypes of both parents? a)One is AA and one is aa b)Both are aa c)Both are AA d)Both are Aa e)One is aa and one is Aa
B
Alternative forms of a gene are referred to as a)homologous pairs b)alleles c)bivalents d)sister chromatids e)none of the above
A
An XXY individual with no other genetic anomalies would be _______ in humans and _______ in Drosophila fruit flies. a)Male; female b)Male; male c)Female; male d)Female; female e)Male; intersex
independent assortment
Which of Mendel's postulates can only be demonstrated in crosses involving at least two pairs of traits?
B
. The fourth (ring) finger of humans may be longer or shorter than the second (index) finger. The short index finger is produced by a gene that is dominant in men and recessive in women. What kinds of children would along-fingered man and ashort-fingeredwomanproduce? a)long-fingered sons and short-fingered daughters b)short-fingered sons and long-fingered daughters c)short-fingered son and a 1:1 ratio in daughters d)a 1:1 ratio in sons and long-fingered daughters e)None of the above
recessive
A couple with no immediate family history of the disease have a child with TaySachs Disease, which causesprogressive neurodegeneration in young children. If this disease is caused by a mutation at a single gene, it is likely to be
C
A female from a true-breeding strain of black Labrador retrievers was crossed to a male from a true-breeding yellow strain. All the F1 offspring were black. You intercross the F1 to produce F2 offspring in the ratio 9/16 black: 3/16 chocolate to 4/16 yellow. If you were to intercross theF2 chocolate labs, which of the following colors could NOT be seen in the resultingoffspring a)chocolate b)yellow c)black d)neither black nor chocolate e)neither chocolate nor yellow
sex-influenced
A gene in which the heterozygous condition is displayed differently in males and females is referred to as __________.
B
A human female with Turner syndrome (45, X) also expresses the X-linked trait hemophilia, as did her father. Assuming her mother did not carry a hemophilia allele, which of the Turner female's parents underwent non-disjunction during meiosis, giving rise to the gamete responsible for the syndrome? a)Father b)Mother c)Either father or mother d)Both father or mother e)No way to tel
50%
A recessive gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome in humans. Assume that a woman with normal vision (her father is color-blind) marries a color-blind male. What is the likelihood that this couple's first son will be color-blind?
C
A tetraploid plant with 4n = 12 is crossed with a related diploid (2n = 6). Assuming the tetraploid can produce a viable gamete, how many chromosomes would you expect in the hybrid? a)3chromosomes b)6 chromosomes c)9 chromosomes d)12 chromosomes e)18 chromosomes
E
An organism has a diploid number 2n=20 chromosomes. At the end of mitosis, each daughter cell would have ___________. A.20 pairs of chromosomes, 40 individual chromosomes B.10 pairs of chromosomes, 30 individual chromosomes C.10 pairs of chromosomes, 40 individual chromosomes D.20 pairs of chromosomes, 10 individual chromosomes E.10 pairs of chromosomes, 20 individual chromosomes
E
Anall-black female cat that mates with an orange male can be expected to produce kittens in what phenotypic ratio? a)All black male and female offspring b)All orangemale offspring and allblack female offspring c)All black male offspring and all orange femaleoffspring d)All male offspring with patches of black and orange and all black female offspring e)All black male offspring and all female offspring with patches of black and orange
interphase
Chromosomes are duplicated, Includes S phase,
D
Color pattern variation in some species of butterflies and snails are controlled by several tightly linked loci that never seem to undergo recombination. These genes are thought to be a)Located in a chromosomal region that is part of a Robertsonian translocation b)Located in a chromosomal region that is part of a reciprocal translocation c)Located in a chromosomal region that is duplicated d)Located in a chromosomal inversion e)Due to aneuplody of a sex chromosome
A
Complementation analysis is used to determine __________. . A) whether two mutations that produce the same phenotype reside in the same or different genes B) whether a gene is X-linked or autosomal C) whether two alleles can cause incomplete dominance D) whether two alleles are codominant
preformation
Contrast to William Harvey's theory of epigenesis stating that sperm/fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homuculus
E
Down syndrome can result from random errors during meiosis or may be familial (inherited withincreased frequency within a family). A couple in their mid forties has a child affected by Down syndrome and no known cases of the syndrome on either side of the family. You would conclude that the most likely cause of their child's defect is: a)Non-disjunction in the father associated with his age. b)An undefined chromosomal aberration involving chromosome #1. c)Maternal inheritance of a deletion of chromosome 15q. d)Paternal inheritance of a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes #21 and #14. e)Non-disjunction in the mother associated with her age
A
Due to advances in biotechnology, all but which of the following has become commonplace? A.Cloning of human embryos B.Screening individuals for the presence of specific alleles C.Addition of insect-resistance genes to crop plants D.Creation of transgenic animals that produce human proteins E.Genetic alteration of bacterial cells
chromosomes
During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin fibers coil and condense to form visible _____
diploid
During sexual reproduction two gametes fuse to reconstitute a ________ complement of chromosomes
mitotic
During the ___ cell cycle, cells duplicate themselves to produce two daughter cells that contain the same genetic material
prophase II
Each cell contains only n chromosomes which consist of sister chromatids, but chromosomes have not begun to move toward the metaphase plate
metaphase II
Each cell contains only n chromosomes which consists of sister chromatids and chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
telophase II
Each chromosome consists of only a single chromatid which are at opposite poles, cytokinesis
C
Fragile X syndrome is caused by expansion of the number of CGG repeats in a region immediately adjacent to the FMR-1 gene. Expansion occurs from the normal range (~6 to ~50 repeats) to the permutation range (~50 to ~200 repeats)to the full mutation range (>230 repeats). Expansion to the full mutation tends to occur in the offspring of individuals with permutations, but not in the offspring of individuals within the normal range. This condition is an example of a kind of inheritance called: a)incomplete penetrance b)genotype-environment interaction c)genetic anticipation d)recessive X-linked inheritance e)dominant X-linked inheritance
E
Gene duplications provide an explanation for the evolutionary origin of a)Inversions b)Translocations c)Down Syndrome d)Huntington diseasee)Gene families
B
Given that the F2 plant in the previous question has green, round seeds, what is the probability that it's genotype is GGWW(has two copies of the dominant allele at both loc? a)1/16 b)1/9 c)9/16 d)None of the above
C
House flies have 5 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromosomes and chromatids are present in house fly somatic cells at the G1 stage of the cell cycle? a)5 chromosomes, 5 chromatids b)5 chromosomes, 10 chromatids c)10 chromosomes,10chromatids d)10 chromosomes, 20 chromatids e)none of the above
D
How many chromosomes and chromatids are present in house fly cells at Prophase I of meiosis? a)5 chromosomes, 5 chromatids b)5 chromosomes, 10 chromatids c)10 chromosomes,10 chromatids d)10 chromosomes, 20 chromatids e)none of the above
C
How many tetrads are present in house fly cells during meiotic Prophase I?a)none b)one c)five d)ten e)twenty
2^x (x=number of pairs)
How to determine the number of types of gametes that can be formed by a genotype Ex AaBbCc
32
If a typical somatic cell has 64 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are expected in each gamete of that organism?
X chromosomes
In Drosophila, sex is determined by a balance between the number of haploid sets of autosomes and the number of ________.
heterogametic sex
In birds and butterflies, females are the ___________________.
Interphase
In diploid eukaryotes, chromosomes exist in ________ , where each member is identical in size, centromere placement, and gene sites.
Y chromosome
In humans, the genetic basis for determining the sex "male" is accomplished by the presence of ________.
testcross
In maize, colored kernels are produced by a dominant alleleR; the recessive allele rproduces colorless kernels. Long stalks are produced by a dominant allele Dand the recessive allele dcauses short stalks. You cross an individual heterozygous for both genes to an individual that is homozygous recessive for both traits. This kind of cross is called a
C
Marfan syndrome is an autosomaldominant disorder that causes defects in the structural integrity of the eye lens, dilation of the aorta, and lengthened long bones. This is an example of a)codominance b)dominance c)pleiotropy d)epistasis e)conditional mutation
diploid, haploid
Meiosis converts a ____ cell to a ____ gamete or spore, making sexual reproduction possible
diploid, haploid
Meiosis converts a _____ cell into a _____ gamete or spore, making sexual reproduction possible.
homologous pair
Meiosis is highly specific because each gamete must contain precisely one member of each __________ of chromosomes
homologous pair
Meiosis is highly specific, because each gamete must contain precisely one member of each _________ ____ of chromosomes
haploid
Meiosis produces gametes or spores that have only a ________ set of chromosomes
haploid
Meiosis produces gametes or spores that have only______ set of chromosomes
genetically identical
Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are _____ to the parents
genetically identical
Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are _____________ to the parent cell.
true
Normally in humans, all the sons of a female homozygous for a sex-linked recessive gene will inherit that trait. (True or False?)
telophase I
One member of each homologous pair are at opposite poles and cytokinesis occurs
False
One result of X-linkage is a crisscross pattern of inheritance in which sons express recessive genes of their fathers and daughters express recessive genes of their mothers. (True or False?)
S phase
Pairs of sister chromatids are made during_____
C
Pink flower color in snapdragons is the result of the incomplete dominanceof red and white alleles. Is it possible to create a true-breeding strain of pink snapdragons? a)Yes. If you intercross pink snapdragons for a few generations, all the offspring will be pink b)Yes. If you testcross the pink snapdragons and choose only the pink offspring c)No, you could not produce true-breeding pink snapdragons d)Can't tell from the information given here.
C
Red green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans. A husband and wife both have normal vision, although both of their fathers are red-green color blind. What is the probability that their first child will be a color-blind son? a)0 b)1/2 c)1/4 d)1/8 e)None of the above
transmission genetics
Scientists were able to correlate their observations of chromosome behavior during meiosis to Mendel's principles of inheritance, thus establishing the field of ____
imprinting
Some genes and mutations vary in their phenotypic expression depending on the sex of the parent from whom the gene is inherited. This phenomenon is known as __________
D
The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance a)was proposed by Gregor Mendel b)describes how chromosomes can be altered by mutation c)wasproposed because the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis is similar to those of genes during gamete formation d)is that genes for phenotypic traits are carried on chromosomes e)None of the above
A
The exchange of parts of chromatids between homologous chromosomes by breaking and re-joining is (a)crossing over (b)complementation (c)cytokinesis (d)karyokinesis (e)None of the above
2:1 male to female
The sex of birds, some insects, and other organisms is determined by a ZW chromosomal arrangement in which the males have sex chromosomes (ZZ) and females are ZW (similar to XY in humans). Assume that a recessive lethal allele on the Z chromosome causes death of an embryo in birds. What sex ratio would result in the offspring if a cross were made between a male heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?
The Cell Theory
Theory created by Matthias, Schledian, and Schwann that stated that organisms composed of basic unit cells derived from preexisting cells
Epigenesis
Theory of ______ was created by William Harvey and stated that an organism develops from a fertilized egg through developmental events, transforming the egg into an adult
C
There are several hybrid orangutan's being raised in captivity. Assume that in one hybrid male, in a given meiosis, there is one crossover event between the centromere and p1.1. Which of the following choices describes the gene order and centromere placement along this chromosome as it would appear in one quarter of the gametes produced by this hybrid male? a)The chromosome would have a duplicationof the centromere b)The chromosome would have a deletion of thecentromere c)The chromosome would have a duplicationof region C, but otherwise be normal d)The chromosome would have a duplication of region E, and deletion of regions A and B e)None of theabove
unit factors in pairs, dominance/recessiveness, segregation
To explain these results: Mendel proposed three postulates 1)____ 2)____ 3)____
True
True or False? Meiosis is cell division in which the diploid state is reduced to the haploid state
true
True or False? The meiotic cell cycle involves two cell divisions but only one DNA replication
True
True or false? To produce gametes a diploid cell must give rise to a haploid cell
0
Two forms of hemophilia are determined by genes on the X chromosome in humans. Assume that a phenotypically normal woman whose father had hemophilia is married to a normal man. What is the probability that their first daughter will have hemophilia?
1/2
Two forms of hemophilia are determined by genes on the X chromosome in humans. Assume that a phenotypically normal woman whose father had hemophilia is married to a normal man. What is the probability that their first son will have hemophilia?
spontaneous generation
Was replaced with the cell theory but originally stated that creation of living organisms from nonliving components
E
Which of the following is the most correct way to complete the following sentence. "In humans, sex is determined by ___________." a)The ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosome b)The ratio of X to Y chromosomes c)The presence or absence of a Y chromosome d)Whether the individual is haploid or diploid e)Thepresence or absence of the SRY gene
B
Which statement best describes the Central Dogma of genetics? a)RNA is frequently reverse transcribed to DNA. b)Proteins are synthesized using information from nucleic acids. c)Polypeptide information can be incorporated into nucleic acids. d)DNA is transcribed only to mRNA. e)DNA is the only nucleic acid that can serve as genetic material.
C
Wilson disease is a recessive disorder of copper metabolism in humans. A couple, both heterozygotes, plan to have three children. What is the probability that the first child will have the disorder, andthe second and third children will not? a)3/64 b)1/16 c)9/64 d)1/4 e)1/8
D
You cross a pea plant from a true-breeding stock with yellow, round seeds to a plant from a true-breeding stock of green, wrinkled seeds. All the F1 offspring are yellow and round. You intercross the F1 to produce the F2. What is the probability that anF2 plant will haveyellow, round seeds. a)0 b)1/16 c)1/9 d)9/16 e)None of the above
crossing over (recombination)
____ or genetic exchange between members of homologous pairs
mitosis
____ the part of the cell cycle in which cell division & chromosome partitioning occur
crossing over (recombination)
___________ or genetic exchange between members of a homologous pair
S phase
a pair of sister chromatids is made during_____
genomic
analyzes genome sequences to study the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.
prophase I
chromatid condenses, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over takes place, centromeres attach to spindle fibers, homologs pull apart somewhat but remain attached at chiasmata, synapsis occurs
Interphase
chromosomes uncondensed
bioinformatics
develops hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data.
diploid
during sexual reproduction two gametes fuse to reconstitute a ____ complement of chromosomes
metaphase I
homologous pairs move to the metaphase plate and chromosomes are maximally shortened and thickened
anaphase I
homologous pairs separate and the members of each pair move to opposite poles
proteomic
identifies a set of proteins present in cells under a given set of conditions and studies their function and interactions.
S phase
in this phase of interphase DNA is replicate
One, Two
meiosis consists of ___ round of chromosome duplication and ___ rounds of cell division, resulting in cells with half the diploid chromosome complements
genetic variation
meiosis maintains genetic continuity from generation to generation and gives rise to ____ in gametes
prophase I or II
nuclear envelope breaks down
telophase II
nuclear envelope forms around a haploid number of chromosomes and spindle fibers disappear
Unit of factors in pairs
one of the three of mendels proposed three postulates Inherited characters are controlled by unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms. -Every individual gets one factor from each parent-3 possibilities: 2 factors for tall, 2 for short, or one of each
Spermatogenesis
produces male gametes,
fertilization
restores the diploid number
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
theory created by sutton and boveri that states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes
tetrad
two pairs of sister chromatids
Biotechnology
use of recombinant DN technology with molecular techniques to make product
generates variation
what does segregation and independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes so during meiosis
C
In the cross AaBbCcxAaBbCc, in which all genes undergo independent assortment, what proportion of offspring are expected to be heterozygous for all three genes?a)0 b)1/64 c)1/8 d)27/64 e)None of the above
A
In tomatoes you suspect that plant height and fruit color are controlled by two different genes that are on different chromosomes. You mate true-breeding tall, red-fruited plants to true breeding dwarf, yellow-fruited plants. All the F1 offspring are tall and red-fruited. You intercross the F1 and in the F2 you count: 903 tall, red-fruited plants; 310 dwarf, red-fruited plants, 290 tall, yellow-fruited plants, and 97 dwarf, yellow-fruited plants. Which results below are closest to the results you would get when you test the your hypothesis? a)c2= 0.77, d.f. = 3, P>0.05, do not reject hypothesis b)c2= 218.0, d.f. = 3, P<0.05, reject hypothesis c)c2= 0.0, d.f. = 1, P<0.05, do not reject hypothesis d)c2= 7.7, d.f. = 1, P<0.05, reject hypothesis e)None of the above
B
The barred plumage pattern in chickens is governed by a dominant sex-linked gene B (non-barred is the recessive phenotype and the recessive allele is designated b). A Barred female is crossed to a non-barred male. What types of offspring will be produced by this cross? Remember that females are the heterogametic sex in birds, so this gene is Z-linked. a)Barred females and non-barred males b)Non-barred females and barred males c)1:1 barred to non-barred for both sexes d)3:1 barred females and 1:1 nonbarred males e)None of the above
C
When an organism gains or loses a single chromosome, the condition is known as a)endopolyploidy b)euploidy c)aneuploidy d)autopolyploidy e)reciprocal translocation
