Chapter 1: The Life-Span Perspective

Blank 1: sexual Blank 2: social

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is _________ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was __________

Blank: oral

Frued's _________ stage of psychosexual development, in which pleasure is centered on the mouth, extends from birth to 1 1/2 years of age

17.5%

In 2017, ______ of children under 18 years of age were living in families with incomes below the poverty line

Biological and cultural

The brain plays a role in shaping culture and culture plays a role in shaping the brain. This is pointed to as an example of how life-span development is what?

Blank: age

The developmental periods are approximate ____________ ranges, and there are also variations in individuals' capabilities

Sigmund Frued

The father of psychoanalytic theory is who?

A biological perspective

The "nature" part of the nature vs. nuture controversy is best described as what?

An environmental perceptive on how people develop

The "nurture" portion of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as what?

Blank: developmental

The _______ period refers to a time frame in which a person's life that is characterized by certain features

D). the scientific method

Which framework outlines how research in life-span development should be conducted? A). the APA strategic research method B). naturalistic observation C). case studies D). the scientific method

A). weight gain C). cardiovascular decline D). brain development E). hormonal changes of puberty G). genes inherited from parents

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development? (select all that apply) A). weight gain B). acts of aggression against a peer C). cardiovascular decline D). brain development E). hormonal changes of puberty F). changes in personality G). genes inherited from parents H). language development

A). There is less pressure to achieve for older people. B). Older people have better relationships. D). Older people have years of experience in problem-solving.

Which of the following are possible reasons for the finding that happiness increases as people age? (select all that apply) A). There is less pressure to achieve for older people. B). Older people have better relationships. C). Older people are generally unable to be depressed or anxious. D). Older people have years of experience in problem-solving.

A). Asian American

Which of the following is the fastest growing, percentage-wise, ethnic group of children in the United States? A). Asian American B). Native American C). Latino D). African American

B). Level of education is an aspect of ethnicity

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is FALSE? A). Ethnicity can include race and religion. B). Level of education is an aspect of ethnicity. C). Cultural heritage and language are aspects of ethnicity. D). There can be diversity within ethnic groups.

Blank: normative

A _________ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of particular age group

- early childhood education - effects of divorce - child care

What is a developmental issues are related to parenting and education?

- social policy - parenting - education

What is a focus of life-span development

- It is lifelong - It is multidimensional - It is multidirectional

What is an aspects is related to the life-span perspective of development?

Integration of the internet into everyday life

What is an example of a normative history-graded influence?

- It occurs throughout life - It involves growth and change

What is correctly describes the life span in the study of human development?

- How we will age? - Who we are? - How we came to be this way?

What is included in studying life-span development where we will learn information about ourselves?

- mosque - school - family

What may include the contextual setting that affect our development?

Organization and adaption

What two processes underline Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Blank: non-normative

A _________ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time

A person's capacity for change

A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to what?

Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual

A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize his or her life. What is a statements describes this process?

B). Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual

A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize his or her life. Which of the following statements describes this process? A). Development is cyclical. B). Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual. C). Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. D). Development is plastic.

Blank: nurture

A researcher who supports the _______ perspective of human development would point to influences such as family, schools, nutrition, accidents, and media, among others

Blank: laboratory

A(n) _________ is a controller setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent

Blank: context

A(n) _________ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment

Blank: theory

A(n) _____________ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions

- Growth - Regulation of loss - Maintenance

According to Baltes, the three goals of human development (which correspond to the three broad stages of life) often conflict and compete with each other for which of the following?

- oral - anal - phallic - latency - genital

According to Freud, what are the five stages of the psychosexual development?

Blank: ethologists

According to ________, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods

Sexual instincts

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freuds theory overemphasized what?

Blank: normative history-graded influence

Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a _________

Blank: multidirectionality

As adolescents develop romantic relationships, their time with friends may decrease. This is an example of the _________ of development

Blank: cultural experiences

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on _________ as determinants of an individual's development

Blank 1: maintenance Blank 2: loss

As people enter into middle and late adulthood, development tends to involve _________ and regulation of ________

Blank: multidirectional

Because development is ________, the capacity of most individuals to acquire second or third languages as they age decreases

Blank: sociocultural

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are _________ components of life-span development

Health and well-being

Current health professionals recognize the power of lifestyles and psychological states in individual

Multidimensional

Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion, and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is what?

Blank: multidisciplinary

Developmental science is _________ because researchers from many fields, including psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists, are interested in studying development through the life span

Blank: multidimensional

Developmentalists believe that life-span development is _________ because it consists of interactions of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional factors

Cross-cultural

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as what?

A distinct way of thinking

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of what?

Blank 1: biological Blank 2: environmental

Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors

Blank: socioeconomic status

If two people earn similar incomes and have about the same educational background, they share the same _____

D). observational research

In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely: A). survey research. B). cross-sectional research. C). standardized testing. D). observational research.

Happier than younger people

In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the United States are what?

Blank: lifelong

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development, which highlights the view that development is considered to be ______

Blank: lifelong

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development, which highlights the view that development is considered to be ________

Blank: poverty

Infant mortality rate and the percentage of children living in _____________ provide information for evaluating how well children are doing in a particular society.

Theory

Jessica has formed an interrelates set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n) what?

Blank: emerging

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of ______ adulthood

Blank: expectancy

Life _________ is the average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live

- Nutrition - Medicine - Improved sanitation

Life expectancy in the United States has increased as a result of which of the following?

Blank: development

Life-span ______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Blank: continuous

Life-span development is considered to be a ______ process that does not end at any particular age

Blank 1: at conception Blank 2: throughout the human life span

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues ______

Blank: parenting and nurturing the next generation of children

Marian Wright Edelman, a children's rights activist, believes that _________ is our society's most important function and needs to be taken more seriously than it has in the past

Blank: normative age-graded influence

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence would best be described as a _________

Blank: supports, networks, and relationships

Older adults are in need of social support systems such as social __________

Non-normative lief event

Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a what?

Blank: eclectic

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) __________ theoretical orientation

Blank: development

The study of life-span ___________ includes the journey from conception to death

Blank: plasticity

The term ________ in development refers to the capacity for change

Blank: ethnicity

The term _________ comes from the Greek word for "nation"

True

True or false: Currently, in the United States, there are more people over 60 years of age than under 18 years of age

true

True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span

True

True or false: Health and well-being is heavily influenced by lifestyle and psychological state

False

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood

True

True or false: Malnutrition and chronic illness are NOT developmental issues related to parenting and education

False

True or false: Research using the life-span perspective is not relevant to social policy issues

True

True or false: Technology influences human development and is used at all points in human development

False

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors

Social and cultural activities

Vygotsky maintained that development is inseparable from what?

- Socioeconomic status - ethnicity - culture - gender

What are four concepts that are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

Social interactions nad culture

What are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?

- it may lack participants from diverse culture backgrounds - its participants know they are being studied

What are some criticisms of research performed in the lab?

Behavior, environment, and cognitive

What are three key factors in social cognitive theory?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved

What best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A). Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships. B). Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female.

Which of the following statements are true about gender? (Select all that apply.) A). Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships. B). Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female. C). Gender and sex are synonymous (mean the same thing).

Social cognitive theory

Which theoretical view holds that behavior, environmental, and cognitive are the key factors in development?

Bronfenbrenner

Which theorists believed that development reflects that influence of five environmental systems?

C). The number of older adults in the United States is growing dramatically. E). Many of America's older population are going to need society's help.

Which two of the following facts heighten the concerns over the well-being of older U.S. adults? (select all that apply) A). Most of the aging population in the United States is not ready or willing to retire. B). An increasing number of older Americans are seeking retraining and reentering the workforce. C). The number of older adults in the United States is growing dramatically. D). Many older Americans are seeking alternative health-care options. E). Many of America's older population are going to need society's help.

C). Psychoanalytic

Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences? A). Cognitive B). Behavioral C). Psychoanalytic D). Psychosocial

Blank: ethological

________ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Blank: gender

_________ refers to the nonbiological characteristics that lead people to identify as males or females

Blank: socioeconomic

_________ status refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

Blank: Culture

__________ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation

Blank: biological

__________ processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature

Blank: Ethological

____________ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods