Chapter 1 What is Programming?

LISP

(1958) (LISt Processing) was designed by John McCarthy at MIT. Help developed artificial intelligence.

What is a server?

A server is a specialty computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes

What computer first introduced Assembly Language?

Assembly Language was first introduced by the British with the EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer).

Inranet

Behaves like the Internet on a local business level. This promotes security, speed and saves cost.

What is the major difference between Java and C++?

C++ was designed to be backwardly compatible with the original C

Machine Code

Directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language

SneakerNet

Every computer was a stand- alone computer. Some computers were hooked up to printers and many others were not.

What was the first successful programming language?

FORTRAN

What is Sneaker Net?

Running around to share computer information is now called the Sneaker Net because sharing files or printing files requires you to put on your sneakers and walk to another computer.

Grace Hopper

She wrote the first compiler (a type of translator) in 1952 for the language A-0. This paved the way for the other languages that followed. Many of these were also created in part or in whole by Grace Hopper.

Wireless connections are convenient, but there are some problems. List 2 of them

Signals are not always reliable, just like cell phones, there is the security issue.

What was required to simply enter numbers into the Mark-I calculator?

Simply entering the numbers required manipulating its 1,440 switches

COBOL was designed for which group of people?

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) was created for the business community

Internet

The Internet has existed since the 1960s and has its origins in the "Cold War." During the Cold War there was a major concern about the country being paralyzed by a direct nuclear hit on the Pentagon.

In 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup created a new language by combining C with OOP. What was that language called?

The language was called C++

Refer to your answer to the previous question. What was the name of the assembler in that computer?

The name of the assembler is called Initial.

Explain why the use of BASIC become widespread when personal computers came out in 1976

The use of BASIC became widespread when personal computers hit the market.

Where in the Internet is the central location where all the control computers are located?

There is no central location

Describe a Very-High-Level Language.

These languages do not even use words. They use pictures that you can click and drag to program the computer.

Niklaus Wirth created the language Pascal specifically for the purpose of

___Teaching___ _Programming__.

LISP is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop

artificial_____ __intelligence_____.

Grace Hopper's immeasurable contributions to computer science have earned her the nickname

"____Amazing___________ ____Grace___________".

JAVA

(1995) Java is a Platform Independent Language Platform Independence means that language does not cause problems as programs are transported between different hardware and software platforms. Unlike C++, were OOP is optional, Java requires you to use OOP which caused many universities to adopt it. Java replaced C++ as the official language

Translators

(Compiler or interpreter) translates a high- level language into low- level machine code.

ISP

(Internet Service Provider) This will cost money and every person, every school, every business, who wants this access needs to use an Internet Service Provider or ISP.

How does a compiler translate?

A compiler translates the entire program into an executable file before execution

Why did a number of college professors did not like BASIC?

A number of college professors did not like BASIC because it did not teach proper programming structure.

What is a peer-to-peer network?

A peer-to-peer network is a small group of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other.

Program

A program is a sequence of instructions that makes a computer perform a desired task.

What is a program?

A program is a sequence of instructions, which enables a computer to perform a desired task.

Programmer

A programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer.

What is a programmer?

A programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer.

Server

A server is a special computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes. Servers can be used for printing, login authentications, permanent data storage and communication.

What does a computer translator do?

A translator (compiler or interpreter) translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.

How does an interpreter translate?

An interpreter translates one program statement at a time during execution.

C

BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) The language was originally intended for writing compilers. BCPL changed to B, then to C. (1972)

Refer to your answer to the previous question. Why are these languages considered "low-level?"

Because they function at, or very close to, the level of 1st and 0s.

BASIC

Beginners ALL purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Created by Tom Kurtz and John Kemmeny Only language that could initially be handed by the first personal computers (1964)

Medium-Level Languages

C and C++ are sometimes considered to be medium-level languages. English commands of a high level as well as the power of a low level language This made C, C++, very popular with professional programmers.

Pascal

College professors did not like BASIC because it did not teach proper programming structure. Instead, it taught quick-and-dirty programming. Unlike PL/I, Pascal is very lean language. (1969)

FORTRAN vs COLBOL

Computer design was not yet standardized and was strongly influenced by programmers' language of choice FORTRAN programmers wanted computer that were suited for recording handling. IBM would have different models for FORTRAN and COBOL programming. (1960)

COBOL

Created (large by Grace Hopper) for the business community and the arm forces. COmmon Business Oriented Language. (1959)

C++

Development of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Took language C and added OOP to it, and became C++ C++ replaced PASCAL. (1983)

PL/I was created by combining all of the features of which 2 languages?

FORTRAN and COBOL

Who was the primary designer of COBOL?

Grace Hopper

Who is credited with making the term debugging popular and also wrote the first compiler?

Grace Hopper was mentioned a couple sections ago as one of the first programmers of the Mark-I. She is also credited with making the term debugging popular

Describe a High-Level Language.

High-Level Language is a language that uses English words as instructions.

The Internet came about during what period in our history?

In the Cold War period.

What does ISP stand for?

Internet Service Provider

Normally, businesses and schools have a series of LANs that all connect into a large network called what?

Intranet

FORTRAN was designed for which groups of people?

It was designed for mathematicians, scientists and engineers

What was BCPL originally intended for?

It was intended for writing compilers.

What is the first Platform Independent language?

Java

Low-Level Languages

Languages that function at, or very close to 1s and 0s. Powerful, but very difficult. Ex: Machine Language, Assembly Language.

High Level Languages

Languages that use English-like words as instructions. Easier, but less powerful. Ex: BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, Java

Very High Level Languages

Languages use clickable pictures as instruction. Ex: Lego Mindstorm NXT

In 1998, the Lego Corporation created their first point-and-click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language. What was that language called?

Lego NXT

What does LAN stand for?

Local Area Networks or LANs.

What is another word for Machine Language?

Machine Code

List 2 Low-Level Languages.

Machine Language or Assembly

Were early personal computers networked?

No

What does OOP stand for?

OOP stands for Object Oriented Programming

The first practical networks for personal computers were called what?

Peer-to-Peer Networks

What does "Platform Independence" mean?

Program created on one computer will work and have the exact same output on any computer.

Traditionally, the introductory courses in computer science focus on

Programming

PL/I

Programming Language After IBM standardized hardware with System/360, they set out to scandalize software as well by creating PL/I Language combined all number crunching for FORTRAN with all features of COBOL. (1964)

What does programming in Machine Language mean?

Programming in Machine Language means you are directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language.

What was required to program the ENIAC?

Programming the ENIAC required rewiring the machine, and machines like the ENIAC had thousands of wires.

Clients

Services the other computer in the network which are called clients.

After IBM standardized hardware with ___________they set out to standardize software as well by creating______________

System/360--------___PL/I(Programming Language 1

Peer-to-Peer Networks

The first practical networks for personal computer were peer-to-peer networks. These are small groups of computer with a computer with a common purpose all connected to each other. These types of networks were called Local Area Networks or LANs.

FORTRAN

The first successful high-level programming language FORTRAN stands for FORmulas TRANslation Number crunches • (1957)

In 1969, a slimmed down version of BCPL was released. It was simply called B. In 1972, an improved version of B was released. What was that language called?

The improved version was called C

The intention was that PL/I would be "everything for everyone". The reality was this language was not popular. Explain why.

The reality was that the FORTRAN programmers did not like the COBOL features, the COBOL programmers did not like the FORTRAN features, and new programmers found the language too complex and overwhelming to learn.

Why did Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny create BASIC?

Their intention was that a simple, basic, easy-to-learn language would give non-math and non-science majors the ability to use computers.

Interpreter

Translates one program statement at a time during execution.

Compiler

Translates the entire program into an executable file before execution.

How is Pascal different from PL/I?

Unlike PL/I, Pascal is a very lean language

Lego Mindstorm NXT

Very high level Programmers can click on different task. By creating a sequence of these blocks, you can program a computer. (2006)

Assembly Language

Was first introduced by the British with the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer). EDSAC had an assembler called Initial Order which used single-letter mnemonic symbol to represent different series of bits.