Chapter 1

Invalid

Depends on how the argument is put together. They are unsound

Statement

(or claim) An assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false

Conclusion

In an argument, the statement being supported by the premises

Denying the Antecedent

Invalid argument form (If P > then Q, not P, not Q)

Equivocation

The fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument

Begging the Question

The fallacy of trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support

Logic

The study of correct reasoning

Soundness

Must have true premises

Antecedent

The IF statement

Conditional Statement

2 parts: The part beginning with IF, called the antecedent and the part beginning with THEN, known as the consequent

Modus Tollens

Any argument having this form is valid (If P > then Q, not Q, not P)

Modus Ponens

Any argument having this form is valid (If P > then Q, yes P, yes Q)

Consequent

The THEN statement

Affirming the Consequent

Invalid argument form (If P > then Q, yes Q, yes P)

Argument

A group of statements in which one of them (the conclusion) is supported by the others (the premises)

Deductive Argument

An argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion

Inductive Argument

An argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion

Appeal to the Person (ad hominem)

the fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person, not because the statement itself is false or dubious

Epistemology

The philosophical study of knowledge

Axiology

The study of morality or ethics using the methods of philosophy

Metaphysics

The study of reality

Philosophical Method

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge

Fallacy

A common but bad argument

Premise

A statement that supports the conclusion of an argument

Validity

A structural matter, depending on how an argument is put together. They can be unsound or sound