Chapter 1
Invalid
Depends on how the argument is put together. They are unsound
Statement
(or claim) An assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false
Conclusion
In an argument, the statement being supported by the premises
Denying the Antecedent
Invalid argument form (If P > then Q, not P, not Q)
Equivocation
The fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument
Begging the Question
The fallacy of trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support
Logic
The study of correct reasoning
Soundness
Must have true premises
Antecedent
The IF statement
Conditional Statement
2 parts: The part beginning with IF, called the antecedent and the part beginning with THEN, known as the consequent
Modus Tollens
Any argument having this form is valid (If P > then Q, not Q, not P)
Modus Ponens
Any argument having this form is valid (If P > then Q, yes P, yes Q)
Consequent
The THEN statement
Affirming the Consequent
Invalid argument form (If P > then Q, yes Q, yes P)
Argument
A group of statements in which one of them (the conclusion) is supported by the others (the premises)
Deductive Argument
An argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion
Inductive Argument
An argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion
Appeal to the Person (ad hominem)
the fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person, not because the statement itself is false or dubious
Epistemology
The philosophical study of knowledge
Axiology
The study of morality or ethics using the methods of philosophy
Metaphysics
The study of reality
Philosophical Method
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge
Fallacy
A common but bad argument
Premise
A statement that supports the conclusion of an argument
Validity
A structural matter, depending on how an argument is put together. They can be unsound or sound