Chapter 10: Blood
Additional Questions
1.Q: How would a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins affect plasma volume? A: Plasma proteins create the osmotic pressure that helps to maintain plasma volume and draws leaked fluid back into circulation. Hence, a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins would result in a reduced plasma volume.
Did You Get It? 1-10
1. Which body organ plays the main role in producing plasma proteins? -The liver is the major source of plasma proteins. 2. What are the three major categories of formed elements? -Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. 3. What determines whether blood is bright red (scarlet) or dull red? -The color of blood varies with the amount of oxygen it is carrying. From most oxygen to least, the blood goes from scarlet to dull red or purple. 4. What is the role of hemoglobin in the red blood cell? -Hemoglobin transports oxygen and a small amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. 5. Which white blood cells are most important in body immunity? -Lymphocytes are the main actors in body immunity. 6. If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC count to be closest to 5,000, 10,000, or 15,000 per mm3? - Infection in the body causes an increase in WBC count, thus 15,000/mm3. 7. Little Lisa is pale and fatigued. What disorder of erythrocytes might she be suffering from? -Anemia. 8.What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements? -The hemocytoblast gives rise to all formed elements. 9.What property of RBCs dooms them to a limited life span of about 120 days? -Lack of a nucleus; therefore, they cannot carry out transcription and translation to produce proteins (enzymes and others). 10.How is the production of platelets different from that of all other formed elements? -The stem cell (megakaryocyte) undergoes mitosis many times, forming a large multinucleate cell, which then fragments into platelets.
Multiple Choice Questions
1.Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis? -Chronic bleeding ulcer -Reduction in respiratory ventilation -Reduced blood flow to the kidneys 2.In a person with sickle cell anemia, sickling of RBCs can be induced by -blood loss. -vigorous exercise. -stress. -fever. 3.A child is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. This means that -both parents carried the sickle cell gene. 4.Polycythemia vera will result in -abnormally high blood viscosity. 5.Which of the following is not typical of leukocytes? -The most numerous cells in the bloodstream 6.The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the -basophil. 7.Which of the following formed elements are phagocytic? -Neutrophils -Monocytes 8.A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is -petechiae. 9.Which of the following can cause problems in a transfusion reaction? -Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps of RBCs -Lysis of donated RBCs -Blockage of kidney tubules 10.If an Rh− mother becomes pregnant, when can hemolytic disease of the newborn not possibly occur in the child? -If the child is Rh− -If the father is Rh− 11.Plasma without the clotting proteins is called -serum. 12.Albumin -is a blood buffer. -helps maintain blood's osmotic pressure. -transports certain molecules.
Did You Get It? 11-20
11.What factors enhance the risk of thrombus formation in intact blood vessels? - Inactivity, leading to blood pooling, and anything that roughens or damages the lining of a blood vessel (laceration, atherosclerosis, or physical trauma). 12.What are the classes of human blood groups based on? -The self-antigens (agglutinogens) the RBCs bear. 13.What is the probable result of infusing mismatched blood? -A transfusion reaction in which the RBCs are lysed and hemoglobin enters the bloodstream, potentially leading to kidney shutdown. 14.Cary is bleeding profusely after being hit by a truck as he was pedaling his bike home. At the hospital, the nurse asked him whether he knew his blood type. He told her that he "had the same blood as most other people." What is his ABO blood type? -O-positive. 15.What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody? -An antigen is a substance foreign to the body that activates and is attacked by the immune system. An antibody is a protein released by immune cells that binds with a specific antigen and inactivates it in some way. 16.How does fetal hemoglobin differ from that of the adult? -Fetal HbF has a greater ability to bind oxygen and binds it more strongly than adult HbA. 17.What blood-related disorders are particularly common in the elderly? -Leukemia, pernicious anemia, and clotting disorders are particularly common in the elderly.
