Chapter 10

A person who defines altruism as "Any act that provides comfort or assistance to other living organisms" clearly favors the ____ definition of altruism. A. behavioral B. motivational C. intentional D. ideological

A.

According to Freud, the superego is formed as a result of A. an emotional conflict centering around the child's love for the other-sex parent B. the child's newly acquired ability to think about hypotheticals C. a fear of losing the affection of the same-sex parent D. parents' reinforcement of the child's morally acceptable acts

A.

According to Piaget, equal-status contact with peers ____ autonomous morality because it ____. A. promotes; illustrates that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed B. promotes; provides additional models for rule compliance C. inhibits; increases the child's respect for adult authority when arguments among playmates must be resolved by an adult D. inhibits; undermines the child's self-respect and self-confidence

A.

As described by Piaget, immanent justice A. refers to the belief that rule violations are invariably punished B. is a system of justice that shapes punitive consequences to the "crime" so that the rule breaker understands the implications of his transgression C. characterizes children who are at the autonomous level of moral reasoning D. all of these

A.

Cross-cultural research reveals that ____. A. Kohlberg's first four stages of moral reasoning are seen in all cultures B. children in all cultures construct similar moral codes of similar ages, relying on universal moral principles C. both of these D. none of these

A.

Cross-cultural studies imply that prosocial conduct is most common in cultures in which ____. A. children live in large families and routinely contribute to family welfare B. children live in small families with a primary breadwinner and stay at home mothers C. children live in large families and routinely look after themselves D. children live in industrialized societies with their emphasis on the norm of social responsibility

A.

Deciding whether another person's actions are right or wrong involves the ____ component of morality? A. cognitive B. affective C. behavioral D. external

A.

In Kohlberg's model of moral development, people at different stages may choose the same course of action when resolving a moral dilemma because A. one's stage is based on the rationale underlying his/her decision rather than the course of action the subject chooses B. Kohlberg's methodology relies on hypothetical dilemmas rather than dilemmas that subjects actually face C. a consideration of conformity pressures is lacking in Kohlberg's theory D. all of these

A.

Social information-processing theorists (for example, Grusec & Redler) would argue that ____ will foster altruistic behavior, at least among children aged ____, who are old enough to understand the implications of this treatment. A. labeling a child as "generous," "helpful," etc.; 8 years and older B. labeling a child as "generous," "helpful," etc.; 5 years and older C. tangible rewards; 8 years and older D. tangible rewards; 5 years and older

A.

True moral self controls are likely to be fostered by A. helping children to make internal attributions for their desirable conduct B. making children feel anxious about the prospect of getting caught in a transgression C. both of these D. none of these

A.

We might infer that a proficiency at role-taking causes children to behave more altruistically from observations that A. children who are trained to be better role-takers become more altruistic B. the association between role-taking skills and altruism becomes stronger with age C. both of these D. none of these

A.

According to Freud, a child's internalization of ____ moral standards leads to the development of the ____. A. both parents'; ego B. both parents'; superego C. the same-sex parent's; ego D. the same-sex parent's; superego E. the other-sex parent's; superego

D.

Cognitive rationales for resisting temptations A. make punishment unnecessary B. are effective at gaining short-term but not long-term inhibition of undesirable acts C. foster conventional rather than postconventional morality D. are likely to increase the effectiveness of other forms of punishment

D.

Gilligan's research on moral development in females has broadened the definition of morality to include concern with A. laws, rights, and justice B. intentions C. emotions D. caring, human welfare, and interpersonal relationships

D.

Kohlberg believed that changes in moral reasoning were induced by A. guilt B. a desire to conform C. cognitive development D. cognitive disequilibria

D.

Which statement reflects Kohlberg's conventional morality? A. "If it feels good, do it" B. "Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" C. "Break the law to serve human needs" D. "Buckle up-It's the law!"

D.

A basic distinction between Kohlberg's and Piaget's theories or moral development is that A. Kohlberg thinks that moral development follows an invariant sequence, whereas Piaget does not B. Kohlberg argues that moral development continues far beyond Piaget's autonomous stage C. Kohlberg feels that young children comply with rules out of a respect for authority, whereas Piaget stresses the young child's fear of punishment D. all of these

B.

According to Kohlberg, moral development will be arrested and remain at a level considered socially immature unless the person A. lives in an industrialized society B. is forced by his/her experiences to reevaluate immature moral concepts C. attends college D. is a leader in his/her social group E. all of these

B.

Donald Campbell's (1965) biological viewpoint is that A. the self-serving side of human nature is much stronger than our prosocial inclinations B. altruism is a biologically programmed prosocial motive that has evolved because of its survival value C. both of these D. none of these

B.

Empathy is not a good predictor of altruistic behavior for younger children (i.e., age 7 or younger) because these youngsters are likely to A. experience no vicarious emotions of any kind B. fail to understand exactly why they are feeling distressed when witnessing the distress of others C. have no capacity for empathy D. both A and C

B.

Modern conscience theorists have rejected Freud's Oedipal morality, arguing instead that children can form a conscience ____ in the context of ____. A. as infants; a warm, secure, cooperative parent-child relationship B. as toddlers; a warm, secure, cooperative parent-child relationship C. as infants; a stern, no-nonsense parent-child relationship D. as toddlers; a stern, no-nonsense parent-child relationship

B.

Morality that is based on external controls, with actions judged according to the consequences they generate is A. amoral B. preconventional C. conventional D. postconventional

B.

One common criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that A. it focuses only on the emotional aspects of morality B. moral reasoning often fails to predict moral behavior C. it assumes that females reason at a higher moral level than males do D. it is based on findings from U.S. samples that have not been replicated in other cultures

B.

Proponents of psychoanalytic theory believe that altruistic norms and values are A. inborn B. acquired as the child internalizes parental norms and values C. acquired as the ego matures and the child becomes more proficient at role-taking D. interpretable as disguised versions of id-based, hedonistic impulses

B.

Working with 5- and with 8-year-olds, Grusec and Redler found that labeling children as "nice" or "helpful" was likely to promote future prosocial acts among ____ because these children ____. A. 5-year-olds; interpreted the label as a reinforcer for prosocial conduct B. 8-year-olds; will try to incorporate trait-like information into their self-concepts C. both of the above D. none of these; labeling was ineffective at promoting altruism for both age groups

B.

____ is a clear example of the affective component of morality. A. Stealing a cookie B. Feeling guilty about stealing a cookie C. Deciding to steal a cookie D. Deciding to confess for having stolen a cookie

B.

____ is thought to underlie a mature sense of morality by all moral development theorists. A. Fear of punishment for wrongdoing B. Internalization of moral principles C. Obedience for tangible rewards D. Obedience to please others

B.

After reading Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Wanda says, "I think the law is wrong because no law should be more important than saving a life. Heinz should steal the drug and hope that, if caught, a jury will understand the circumstances and justly acquit him." Wanda is reasoning at Kohlberg's ____ level. A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. postmoral

C.

Research on parental and peer influences on moral reasoning indicates that advances in moral reasoning A. occur more consistently in discussions with parents than in discussions with peers B. are reversed when the individual discusses issues with someone who reasons at a level lower than his own C. can occur rapidly in transactive discussions with peers D. rarely occur in discussions with either parents or peers

C.

The "doctrine of specificity" implies that A. cheaters will lie B. moral reasoning predicts specific moral behaviors C. moral behavior is specific to the situation D. most children are amoral creatures

C.

Twin studies reveal that ____ on prosocial behavior decline over time whereas the influence of ____ become stronger with age A. genes; shared environmental influences B. genes; nonshared environmental influences C. shared environmental influences; nonshared environmental influences D. nonshared environmental influences; share environmental influences

C.

Twin studies reveal that ____ contribute(s) to individual differences in empathy and prosocial conduct. A. individual genotypes B. shared environmental influences C. nonshared environmental influences D. individual genotypes and shared environmental influences E. all of these

E.

Which of the following acts qualify as examples of prosocial behavior? A. complimenting a classmate on her appearance B. sharing cookies with a playmate C. cooperating with a partner to achieve a mutual goal D. complimenting a classmate on her appearance and sharing cookies with a playmate E. all of these

E.