Chapter 11 - Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Reciprocal Relationship

1.5 or 2 years on - during this final phase toddlers rapidly increasing cognitive and language abilities enable them to understand their parents' feelings, goals, and motives and to use their understanding to organize their efforts to be near their parents. As a result, a more mutually regulated relationship gradually emerges as the child takes an increasingly active role in developing a working partnership with his or her parents. separation distress declines

Attachment-in-the-Making

6 weeks to 6 to 8 months - infants begin to respond preferentially to familiar people. typically they smile, laugh, or babble more frequently in the presence of their primary caregiver and are more easily soothed by that person. Like Freud and Erik Erikson, Bowlby saw this phase as a time when infants form expectations about how their caregivers will respond to their needs and. accordingly, do or do not develop a sense of trust in them

Clear-Cut Attachment

6-8 months to 1.5 years - infants actively seed contact with their regular caregivers. They happily greet their mother when she appears and, correspondingly may exhibit separation anxiety or distress when she departs. For the majority of children. the mother now serves as a secure base, facilitating the infants exploration and mastery of the environment

Attachment

An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time. Usually, attachments are discussed in regard to the relation between infants and specific caregivers, although they can also occur in adulthood

Ethnic Identity

Individuals' sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group, including the degree to which they associate their thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior with membership in that group

Identity-Achievement Status

a category of identity status in which, after a period of exploration, the individual has achieved a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, ideology, and the like. The individual believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them

Identity-Diffusion Status

a category of identity status in while the individual does not have firm commitments and is not making progress toward them

Moratorium Status

a category of identity status in while the individual is in the phase of experimentation with regard to occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them

Foreclosure Status

a category of identity status in while the individual is not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others

Self

a conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

Personal Fable

a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts

Parental Sensitivity

a important factor contributing to the security of an infant's attachment. It can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive caregiving when an infant is distressed or upset and engaging in coordinated play with the infant

Secure Attachement

a pattern of attachment in which infant or young children have a high-quality, relatively unambivalent relationship with their attachment figure. In the strange situation, a securely attached infant, for example, may be upset when the caregiver leaves but may be happy to see the caregiver return, recovering quickly from any distress. When children are securely attached, they can use caregiver as a secure base for exploration

Insecure attachment

a pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a less positive attachment to their caregiver than do securely attached children. Insecurely attached children can be classified as insecure/resistant (ambivalent), insecure/avoidant, or disorganized /disoriented

Sexual Orientation

a person's preference in regard to males or females as objects of erotic feelings

Strange Situation

a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants' attachment to their primary caregiver

Psychosocial Moratorium

a timeout during while the adolescent is not expected to take on adult roles and can instead pursue activities that may lead to self-discovery

Insecure/resistant(ambivalent) attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment. In the strange situation, insecure/resistant infants tend to get very upset when the caregiver leaves them alone in the room. When their caregiver returns, they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation. Their behavior is often confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented

Insecure/avoidant attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid he caregiver. In the Strange Situation, they seem indifferent toward their caregiver before the caregiver leaves the room and indifferent or avoidant when the caregiver returns. If the infant gets upset when left alone, he or she is as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent

Development of Self - Middle Teen Years

agonize over contradictions in their behavior and characteristics, most still con't make this into a coherent conception of self , they feel confused and conerned about who they really are

Identity Confusion

an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self that often occurs in Erikson's stage of identity confusion

Identity Achievement

an integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events

Development of Self 8 months

begin to have separation distress with their CG and start understanding joint attention and sometimes will give objects to adults in an effort to engage the adult in their activities

Preattachment

birth to 6 weeks - the infant produces innate signals, most notably crying, that summon caregivers, and the infant is comforted by the ensuing interaction

Development of Self - Late Adolescence

conception of self becomes more integrated and less determined by what others think, they reflect internalized personal values, beliefs, and standards. They are focused on who they are and who they want to become. Can better understand contradictions or opposites

Development of Self - early adolescence

different forms of egocentricism (personal fable and imaginary audience) they are very concerned with their social competence and social acceptance, different with friends and family, (my parents dont understand me they dont know what it feels like to be a teenager) imaginary audience happens more for boys

Development of Self - 2 years

exhibit embarrassment and shame, self-assertive behavior and language (me mine) indicate their self awareness. Recognize themselves in a group of photographs of alike children , self-assertion = terrible twos

Negative Identity

identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent

Development of Self -3 to 4

know their physical attributes, activities, abilities, social relationships (I have a big brother) and psychological traits (I am always happy) they are also unrealistically positive they think that even though they have repeatedly failed that they will get it right on the next try, bragging

Self-esteem

one's overall evaluation of the worth of the self and the feelings that this evaluation engenders

Identity Foreclosure

premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other opinions

Secure Base

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

Development of Self - elementary school

social comparisons cause them to refine their conceptions of self. especially as they come to understand higher-order concepts like being poplar, nice to other, good as keeping secrets

Imaginary Audience

the belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior

Internal Working Model of Attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

Social Comparison

the process of comparing aspects of ones own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself

Identity Versus Identity Confusion

the psychosocial stage of development, described by Erikson, that occurs during adolescence. During this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops an identity or experiences an incomplete and sometime incoherent sense of self

Development of Self - middle to late elementary school

their conception of self becomes more integrated and broadly encompassing, reflecting cognitive advances. They can coordinate opposing self-representations inclined to compare themselves with others on objective performance understanding of themselves is so influenced by others that they're more vulnerable to low self-esteem

Attachment Theory

theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

Development of Self - 0-8 months

they like to control objects such as mobiles and sort of understand their bodily movements

Development of Self - 18-20 Months

they understand that the image in the mirror is them, put rouge on their face and ask who has rouge on their face and tell them to get it off (children younger will reach to the mirror)

Development of Self - Adolescence

think of themselves in abstract characteristics that encompass a variety of concrete characteristics and behaviors, can think of themselves as a variety of selves depending on context

Adult attachment Models

working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based on adults' perceptions of their own childhood experiences - especially their relationship with their parents - and of the influences of these experiences on them as adults

Sexual-minority youth

young people who experience same-sex attraction