Chapter 11 History 2

At what age did boys begin training to become warriors?

6

What were two practices that contributed to the swift territorial expansion of the Inca Empire?

Andean ancestor worship and the Chimu system of a split inheritance.

Who was the ruler of the Inca at the time?

Atahualpa.

What was the prerequisite for becoming a warrior?

Captured a prisoner for ritual sacrifice

What did the Spaniards do to Atahualpa?

Captured and killed him.

By choosing the name Viracocha, with whom did the Inca ruler connect himself?

Connected himself to a god of creation.

What did the Mexica hope the gods would do as a result of their sacrifices?

Delay the apocalypse

Who led the 1532 Spanish expedition to the Inca Empire, searching for gold?

Francisco Pizarro.

Who was in the social group below the king in status but higher than artisans, scribes, farmers, laborers, and enslaved people? What did they do in society?

Hereditary nobilities

Who did some Aztecs believe the returned leader to be?

Hernán Cortés

What were the two main ways the Incas culturally unified the conquered people?

Imposing their language and their gods.

What did Cortes do to Moctezuma?

Imprisoned him.

To what two factors do our textbook's authors attribute the fall of the Aztec Empire to the Spanish?

Ineffective leadership and willingness of allies and enemies of Mexico to join with Spanish.

What word was used for an intricate system of knotted and colored strings used by early Andean cultures to store information such as census and tax records?

Khipu

What natural resource allowed the Maya to build monumental architecture and have sufficient water in their arid environment?

Limestone

What was the working class called?

Macehualli

What was the staple crop of the Maya?

Maize

For what purpose were serfs allowed to leave the farmland?

Military service

Who was the ruler of the Aztec Empire when Hernando Cortes arrived in 1519?

Moctezuma II.

Did the Mexica generally impose their leaders and customs on conquered people?

No

Did Atahualpa initially see the Spaniards as an enemy?

No.

Maya consisted of multiple independent city-states, each ruled by a hereditary king. In addition to being in the same geographic region (Yucatan Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands), extensive trade among Mayan communities, wage war, own land, exercise political power and having a common language promoted unity among the Mayan communities. (fill in the blanks)

Promoted unity among the Mayan communities

Who might Moctezuma have believed Cortes was?

Quetzalcoatl, a powerful god who was supposed to return.

What was the fate of captured enemy warriors?

Sacrificed

How did Spaniards hurt the residents of Tenochtitlan even though they were expelled from the city?

Smallpox epidemic.

Why did the Tlaxcalans view the defeat of Tenochtitlan as their victory rather than as a Spanish victory?

Spanish had 600 soldiers who joined forces with Tlaxcalans.

Why is it difficult to learn about Mayan religion through written records?

Spanish religious authorities viewed Maya books as demonic and ordered them destroyed

The Toltecs

Teotihuacan was the largest, wealthiest, and most powerful city in Mesoamerica's classical period but lost its status by 900. What people conquered the Teotihuacan region, beginning what is known as the postclassical period in Mesoamerica?

What erroneous religious belief was held by the Incas?

The Inca rulers invented civilization.

How did the practices related to the dead emperor contribute to the swift territorial expansion of the Inca Empire?

The Incas believed the dead emperor's spirit was still present, and his corpse was preserved in a sacred chamber.

Who developed the most complex writing system in the Americas?

The Maya

Why did the Spanish colonists eliminate khipus?

They believed that it might contain a religious message

What was placed in the hand of a male infant?

Tiny bow and arrow

What was placed in the hand of a female infant?

Tiny weaving instruments and a tiny broom

Do we know whether Moctezuma was killed by Spaniards or his own subjects?

Uncertain.

Did Moctezuma initially welcome Cortes and his men or fight against them?

Welcomed.

Did Aztec enslaved people have more freedom than European enslaved people at the time?

Yes

Did the Aztec practice of blood sacrifice combine empire-building with religious duty?

Yes

Did the Mayan leaders trace their ancestry back to the creation of the world?

Yes

Did the Mayans develop a complex calendar (based on astronomy) and a mathematical system?

Yes

Was the word for them pejorative?

Yes

Did the Incan emperors take advantage of the customs of conquered people to meet imperial needs?

Yes, demanded that local communities with shared ancestors include imperial tribute.

Did the difficulty of conquering the dense jungle east of the Amazon and difficulty communicating quickly put strains on the Inca Empire as it tried to expand?

Yes, repeated military disasters.

Did Incan religion involve practicing human sacrifice?

Yes.

Did exposure to European diseases play a role in the fall of the Inca Empire?

Yes.

Did rewarding successful fighters with wealth and status contribute to the growth of the Inca Empire?

Yes.

Did the imperial needs of the Inca Empire include gaining income, acquiring food, consolidating control, discouraging unrest, and obtaining labor for building the empire's infrastructure?

Yes.