Chapter 11 part 1
In which of the following scenarios would you expect lysozyme to be an effective chemical barrier? -Preventing the oral entry of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), a helminthic pathogen -Preventing the growth of Naegleria fowleri, a brain amoeba, in cerebrospinal fluid -Preventing the growth of Trichophyton rubrum, a fungal pathogen, on the nailbed -Preventing the entry of Haemophilus aegyptius, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, into the conjunctiva
-Preventing the entry of Haemophilus aegyptius, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, into the conjunctiva
If a person turns their ankle, how would one determine if damage to the tissue in the ankle has occurred? ANSWER: -The ankle swells. -The ankle is red. -The ankle is red, swollen, and warm to the touch. -The ankle is very warm to the touch.
-The ankle is red, swollen, and warm to the touch.
which is an example of a mechanical barrier? ANSWER: -Epithelial cells block pathogen entry into the skin. -Lysozyme found in breast milk breaks down bacterial cell walls. -The mucociliary escalator sweeps mucus away from the lungs and toward the mouth. -Antimicrobial peptides made by leukocytes are used to destroy pathogens throughout the body.
-The mucociliary escalator sweeps mucus away from the lungs and toward the mouth.
What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries? ANSWER: -They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky. -They decrease the diameter of capillaries. -They prevent phagocytes from sticking to the walls of capillaries.
-They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky.
Which of the following does not describe adaptive immunity? ANSWER: -generalized responses that don't vary based on the pathogen being fought -matures over time -evolved more recently -only in vertebrate animals -recognizes pathogens it previously fought, allowing for quicker and more aggressive defense mobilization upon later exposures to the same agent
-generalized responses that don't vary based on the pathogen being fought
Which of the following features are shared between both innate and adaptive immunity? ANSWER: -recognize diverse pathogens, eliminate identified invaders, and discriminate between self and foreign antigens -recognize diverse pathogens and eliminate identified invaders -respond immediately and remember antigens -respond immediately, remember antigens, and exist in all eukaryotic organisms -discriminate between self and foreign antigens
-recognize diverse pathogens, eliminate identified invaders, and discriminate between self and foreign antigens
What is the general classification used to categorize leukocytes? ANSWER: -It depends on the age of the cell, as all agranulocytes start off as a granulocyte and later change their function and structure over the life of the cell. -whether the cells originate from primary or secondary lymphoid tissues -whether or not leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained and then viewed by light microscopy -whether they function as part of the innate or adaptive immune system -whether or not the cells contain a nucleus
-whether or not leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained and then viewed by light microscopy
Which of these occurs during the vascular changes phase of inflammation? -Blood vessels in the local affected area become more permeable. -Macrophages and neutrophils eliminate invading microbes and damaged tissue cells at the site of infection or trauma -Leukocytes migrate out of vessels via diapedesis. -Exudate in the tissues is collected by nearby lymphatic capillaries.
Blood vessels in the local affected area become more permeable.
In the classical pathway, which of the following directly activates cellular responses? ANSWER: -C3a and C5a -C2aC4b -C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7 -C3b -C5bC6C7 -C4aC2bC3b
C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7
Which of the following can release histamines? ANSWER: Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway The complement system Invading bacterial cells Cells from damaged tissues Wood from a splinter
Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway
Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair? ANSWER: It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage. It allows more nutrients to be delivered to the site of damage. It allows for an increase in oxygen to the site of damage. It allows more phagocytes to travel to the site of damage.
It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage.
Which of the following sequences describes the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system? ANSWER: -Lymphatic vessels, lymph node, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic trunk -Lymphatic trunk, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph node -Lymph node, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic trunk, lymphatic vessels -Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph node, lymphatic trunk
Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph node, lymphatic trunk
Which of these terms refers to leukocytes slowing down as they roll along blood vessel walls? -Chemoattraction -Angiogenesis -Margination -Diapedesis
Margination
Antibodies from cellular immune responses are used in ANSWER: -the lectin pathway. -both the classical and alternative pathways. -the classical pathway. -the alternative pathway.
The Classical Pathway
Which of the complement pathways was discovered first? ANSWER: -The lectin pathway -The classical pathway -The alternative pathway
The Classical Pathway
Which of the following is not a reason the skin is a useful barrier? ANSWER: -The skin is enriched with lipids to serve as a water-resistant layer.' -The skin produces mucus to trap microbes. -The skin is enriched with specialized proteins such as keratin. -The outermost layer is made up of tightly compacted dead epithelial cells. -The skin is enriched with antimicrobial peptides.
The skin produces mucus to trap microbes.
Which of the following are functions of lectins? ANSWER: -They attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces. -They can activate C2 and C4. -They produce factor P (properdin) . -They produce antibodies. -They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4. -They act as opsonins for phagocytosis.
They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4.
First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other? ANSWER: -They involve unique cells that attack invading pathogens. --They recognize specific pathogens. They are physical barriers against invading pathogens. -They involve the production of antibodies.
They are physical barriers against invading pathogens.
Which of the following are primary lymphoid tissues? ANSWER: -spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue -thymus and lymph nodes -bone marrow and mucosa-associated lymphatic lymphoid tissue -thymus and bone marrow -lymph nodes and spleen
Thymus and bone marrow
Antimicrobial peptides are able to stimulate leukocytes and destroy bacteria by disrupting their plasma membranes. ANSWER: True False
True
Skin is one of the most important physical barriers. ANSWER: True False
True
An inflammatory response would result from which of the following? ANSWER: -A headache -Vomiting -Jellyfish sting
a Jellyfish sting
If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be ANSWER: -an antibody-producing cell. -a cytotoxic T cell. -a phagocyte.
a phagocyte
Which of the complement pathways employs properdin? ANSWER: -Classical pathway -Alternative pathway -Lectin pathway -Alternative and lectin pathways all employ properdin. -Classical, alternative, and lectin pathways all employ properdin. -The classical and alternative pathways both require properdin.
alternative pathway
A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component? ANSWER: -Skin barrier -Antibodies -The complement system -Inflammation
antibodies
Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier? ANSWER: skin urine tears mucus antimicrobial peptides
antimicrobial peptides
What are the two categories of second-line defenses? ANSWER: -platelets and red blood cells -red blood cells and antibodies -assorted molecular factors and leukocytes -antibodies and platelets -mucus and lysozyme
assorted molecular factors and leukocytes
Pus is comprised of ANSWER: excess fluid from leaky blood vessels. dead phagocytes. unused histamines and leukotrienes. collected cells from damaged tissue.
dead phagocytes
What role do erythrocytes play in our blood? ANSWER: -deliver oxygen -give rise to white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens -form mesh like clots to trap pathogens -damage blood vessels when released by bacteria clump together and help stem blood loss
deliver oxygen
Which cell type works to prevent our immune system from attacking self and from over-reacting to nonthreatening substances, is abundant in tissues next to body openings, and phagocytizes a broad range of antigens? ANSWER: -dendritic cells -natural killer cells -monocytes -acrophages -lymphocytes
dendritic cells
Which of the following is false about the enzyme lysozyme? ANSWER: -destroys viruses and fungi -breaks down bacterial cell walls -acts as a chemical barrier -can be found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk -kills bacterial cells
destroys viruses and fungi
Which of the following is an agranulocyte? ANSWER: mast cell dendritic cell basophil cell neutrophil cell eosinophil cell
eosinophil cell
Which cell type has a nucleus that appears to have two lobes connected by a thin band, has granules that contain diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins, and has mediators that are expelled in response to certain allergens and parasites? ANSWER: neutrophils eosinophils monocytes mast cells basophils
eosinophils
The spleen is a primary lymphoid tissue. ANSWER: True False
false
Secondary lymphoid tissues ANSWER: -are where leukocytes mature. -are neutrophils and eosinophils. -are where formed elements in blood are produced. -filter lymph and sample surrounding body sites for antigens which are brought into contact with the leukocytes that reside in secondary lymphoid tissues to stimulate an immune response. -are monocytes and dendritic cells.
filter lymph and sample surrounding body sites for antigens which are brought into contact with the leukocytes that reside in secondary lymphoid tissues to stimulate an immune response.
A histiocyte is an agranulocyte that is exclusively present in connective tissue. Which of the following terms best describes a histiocyte? ANSWER: -Monocyte -Mast cell -Wandering macrophage -Fixed macrophage
fixed macrophage
Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier? ANSWER: skin mucus lysozyme antimicrobial peptides stomach acid
mucous
Which of the following is not a benefit of our normal microbiota? ANSWER: -makes substances that may directly damage pathogens -competes for space with pathogens -neutralizes harmful wastes that pathogens produce -generates an environment that limits pathogen survival -competes for nutrients with pathogens
neutralizes harmful wastes that pathogens produce
Which cell type is the most numerous white blood cell in circulation, is the first leukocyte recruited from the bloodstream to injured tissues, and releases potent antimicrobial peptides? ANSWER: -eosinophils -monocytes -neutrophils -dendritic cells -basophils
neutrophils
In the correct order, what are the names of the fluid leaving the capillaries, going into the space between cells and then into the lymphatic capillaries? ANSWER: -lymph, plasma, and interstitial fluid -interstitial fluid, lymph, and plasma -plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph -plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid -lymph, interstitial fluid, and plasma
plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph
The general goal of first-line defenses is to ANSWER: -weaken pathogens. -isolate pathogens. -tag intruders with a signaling molecule to identify them as foreign. -destroy pathogens. -prevent pathogen entry.
prevent pathogen entry.
What cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? ANSWER: Nucleic acids Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates
proteins
Which of these is not a primary goal of inflammation? -Recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue -Stimulate fever -Limit infectious agent spreading -Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery
stimulate fever
Where are the complement proteins found in the body? ANSWER: -The liver -The blood serum -The spleen -The thymus -In every cell
the blood serum
Emigration is ANSWER: -the attachment of phagocytes to the walls of capillaries. -the production and release of chemicals during inflammation -the increase in the diameter of blood vessels. -the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage.
the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage.
Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent ANSWER: -penetration by invading pathogens. -disease. -colonization by pathogens. -the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.
the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.
What is edema? ANSWER: -the spreading of a pathogen from the circulatory system to the lymphatic system -the hardening of infected lymph nodes -when a capillary bursts and is releasing fluid under the skin -irregular heart palpitations -tissue swelling
tissue swelling
What is the function of inflammation in response to a burn from a hot iron? ANSWER: -To destroy the agent causing injury, to limit the effects of the agent on the rest of the body, and to repair the damaged tissue -To destroy the agent causing injury -To limit the effects of the agent on the rest of the body -To repair the damaged tissue
to repair the damaged tissue
All of the cardinal signs of inflammation can essentially be linked to: ANSWER: Increased leukocytes Vascular changes Blood clotting Pathogens
vascular changes