Chapter 12
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "Man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"
homophobia
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group?
normative social influence
change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences?
obedience
sharing personal information in relationships
self-disclosure
capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what they feel?
empathy
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain?
hostile aggression
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication?
persuasion
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
stereotype
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.
the fundamental attribution error
During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?
when the correct choice is unclear
the culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community?
collectivist culture
group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate?
Asch effect
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.
Dispositionism
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
Group polarization
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?
Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits.
According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?
Simon bites his mother
True/False: Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings, such as the social roles we play or the number of bystanders present in the immediate vicinity.
True
What is a social role?
a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
A phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces?
actor-observer bias
A prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age?
ageism
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person?
aggression
humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping?
altruism
explanation for the behavior of other people?
attribution
Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?
because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time?
bullying
the situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress?
bystander effect
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?
central route persuasion
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception?
cognitive dissonance
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships?
companionate love
In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions.
confederate
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design?
confederate
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes?
confirmation bias
when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group?
conformity
Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.
consummate
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present?
consummate love
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online?
cyberbullying
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament?
dispositionism
When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.
empathy
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group?
group polarization
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus?
groupthink
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar?
homophily
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to?
in-group
Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.
normative
When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.
peripheral
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message?
peripheral route persuasion
Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group?
prejudice
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race?
racism
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.
reciprocity
give and take in relationships?
reciprocity
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment?
romantic love
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting?
script
describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists
situationism
humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social exchange theory
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
social loafing
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
stanford prison experiment
What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?
students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets
preference for our own group over other groups?
in-group bias
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy?
individualistic culture
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.
prejudice
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal?
scapegoating
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
self-serving bias
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
sexism
group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
social norm
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
triangular theory of love
Discrimination is a negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group while prejudice is negative thoughts or feelings about members of a different group. T or F?
True
Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings, such as the social roles we play or the number of bystanders present in the immediate vicinity. T or F?
True
Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.
companionate
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group?
diffusion of responsibility
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament?
internal factor
group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us?
out-group
During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.
scapegoating
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
social psychology
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
social role
Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.
confirmation bias
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
diffusion of responsibility
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group?
discrimination
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation?
fundamental attribution error
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation?
homophobia
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
in-group
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?
informational social influence
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain?
instrumental aggression
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people?
prosocial behavior
The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.
Philip Zimbardo
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative?
attitude
True/False: In collectivistic cultures there is a greater likelihood to commit the fundamental attribution error that in more individualistic cultures.
false
Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door technique
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door technique
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve?
just-world hypothesis
theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them?
justification of effort
True/False: Social diffusion is the exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks.
False