Chapter 12 Cardiovascular system Mid term

What are precapillary sphincters location and function?

Located in the capillaries and they control the blood flow in the capillaries depending on how much H2O and nutrients are needed.

What is the location of the tricuspid valve and function?

Located- opening between the right atrium and right ventricle. Function-prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

What is the location and function of the Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve?

Located-opening between the left atrium and left ventricle. Function-prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

What is the function and location of the aortic valve?

Location-Entrance of the aorta Function-Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.

What is the location and function of the pulmonary valve?

Location-Entrance to the pulmonary trunk Function-Prevents back flow of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.

What structure is in the middle of the brain that controls the heart beat?

Medulla Oblongata.

Define Capillaries

Microscopic- located inside of tissue- exchange oxygen and nutrients and receive waste materials.

What is the name of the muscle of the heart and type of muscle?

Myocardium-Cardiac Muscle-Thickest muscle in the heart.

What is the middle layer of the heart wall and its function?

Myocardium-Thickest layer. Contractions of the myocardium provide the force that pumps the blood through the blood vessels.

What is the systemic circuits Functions?

On the left side of the heart-pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart.

What is the pulmonary circuit and functions?

On the right side of the heart-pumps deoxygenated blood only to the lungs-returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.

What is the outer layer of the heart wall and its function?

Pericardium-A thin membrane that is attached to the myocardium. Contains the blood vessels that nourish the heart.

What covers and protects the heart?

Pericardium.

What does the Femoral artery become near the knee?

Popliteal Artery.

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

The Aorta.

Where is blood pressure highest?

Ventricles

What are the names of the Atrioventricular Valves?

Bicuspid (mitral) Valve and Tricuspid Valve.

How does the heart receive a constant supply of blood to nourish its tissues?

By the left and right coronary arteries.

What is the P Wave?

Depolarization (contraction) of the Atria.

What is the QRS Wave?

Depolarization (contraction) of ventricles.

What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

Diastole.

Which Cardiac Cycle phase is longer?

Diastole.

What does the pericardial sac consist of?

outer fibrous pericardium and inner parietal pericardium.

What artery supplies blood to the Femor?

External Iliac artery.

What does the External Iliac artery become when when it enters the leg?

Femoral artery

What 3 layers make the heart wall?

Inner layer-Endocardium Middle layer-Myocardium Outer layer-Pericardium

Where does the Coronary Sinus drain?

Into the right atrium.

Where is blood velocity lowest?

Capillaries

What are the 4 steps of the heart conduction system?

1. SA Node- pacemaker of the heart- located at the roof of the right atrium. 2. AV Node- floor of right atrium. 3. Bundle of His. 4. Purkinje Fiber.

What are the large arteries and veins formed of?

An outer fibrous layer of connective tissue, a middle layer of smooth muscle, and an inner layer of simple squamous epithelium.

What does the Popliteal branches below the knee to form what?

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

Where is blood velocity highest?

Aorta

What are the names of the Semilunar Valves?

Aortic Valve and Pulmonary Valve.

What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins.

Where is the velocity of the blood the fastest?

Arteries.

Where is blood pressure lowest?

Atria

What are the two types of heart valves?

Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves.

Define Venules

Capillaries that join and become venules.

Where is the velocity of the blood the lowest?

Capillaries.

After passing through capillaries in cardiac tissues blood is returned by?

Cardiac Veins.

Define Arteries

Carries blood away from the heart- big in diameter- have a lot of pressure.

What is an Electrocardiogram?

Checks electrical activities of the heart.

What is the origin of the heart sounds?

Comes from heart valves closing. S1- Closing of the AV mitrol and cuspid valve. S2- Closing of the semilunar valves.

What is the structure of the tricuspid valve?

Composed of 3 cusps, or flaps of tissue.

What is the structure of the bicuspid valve?

Consists of two cusps.

What is the function of Systole?

Contracts to push the blood out.

Where do the cardiac veins empty into?

Coronary Sinus.

What is the structure of the pulmonary and aortic Valves?

Each are composed of 3 pocket like cusps of fibrous connective tissue.

What is depolarization?

Electrical activity that happens right before contraction phase.

What is repolarization?

Electrical activity that happens right before relaxation phase.

What is the inner layer of the heart wall and its function?

Endocardium-Lines the chambers of the heart.

What artery supplies blood to the neck, face, and scalp?

External Carotid Artery

What artery supplies blood to the brain?

Internal Carotid Artery

What is the function of the Right Ventricle?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps this blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk.

What is the function of the Right Atruim?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the suerior and inferior venae cavae and passes this blood through the tricuspid A-V valved to the right ventricles.

What is the function of the Left Ventricle?

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps this blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta.

What is the function of the Left Atrium?

Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and passes this blood through the bicuspid A-V valve to the left ventricle.

What is the T Wave?

Repolarization (relaxation) of ventricles.

Define Veins.

Return blood to the heart.

What is the job of the inferior Vena Cava?

Returns blood from body regions below the heart.

What is the job of the Superior Vena Cava?

Returns blood from the head, neck, shoulders, and arms.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right Atrium, Left Atrium Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle

Define Arterioles

Smaller than arteries- branches off arteries.

What is Velocity?

Speed of blood.

What is the job of the pacemaker of the heart?

Starts the heartbeat.

What artery supplies blood to the shoulder and arm?

Subclavian Artery

What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

Systole.

What is the the job of the left Atrium and Left Ventricle?

The left Atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs and the left Ventricle discharges the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

What is the job of the right Atrium and right Ventricle?

The right atria receives unoxygenated blood. The right Ventricle discharges that blood into the lungs so it can be oxygenated.

What are Capillaries formed of?

Thin walls with endothelial cells which allow an exchange of material between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

What is the function of Diastole?

To relax and receive blood.