chapter 12
which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene
a post-modification mRNA transcript
what are the similarities between RNA and DNA
both are nucleic acids,both contain 4 types of nucleotide bases,both are polymers of nucleotides
which of the following are similarities between dna polymerase and rna polymerase
both are types of protiens both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand
what is the function of the promoter?
defines the start of transcription,defines the direction of transcription, guides rna polymerase to the strand to be transcribed
what is the function of the promoter
defines the start of transscription,defines the direction of transscription,guides rna polymerase to the strand to be transscribed
which of the following are important traits of the genetic code
degenerate,unambiguous,cotains start,stop signals
list the steps of translation in the correct order placing the first at the top of the list
initiation elongation termination
one of the functions of__________ is that they allow a cell to pick and choose which exons will go into a particular mrna
introns
select the choices that characterize dna replication in eukaryotes
involves linear chromosomes,has numerous origins of replication,creates replication bubbles
which of the following are true of transcription but not translation
involves rna polymerase occurs in eukaryotic nuclei
a certain portion of a protien has the amino acid sequence Lys-Gly-Leu. what was the original source of this partiular sequence?
it was directed by the basses on the template dna
single-stranded binding portien
keeps single stranded dna apart
the type of nucleic acid bearing codons for the amino acid sequence is called
mrna
which of the following play a part in translational elongation
mrna,trna,elongation factors
rRna strands are transcribed from a template strand of dna found in the________
nucleolus
a(n)______________________ is a monomer of dna or rna consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
nucleotide
the building blocks of DNA are?
nucleotides
the genetic material for life must be______ so it can be accuratly replicated over and over again
a stable molecule
for genes that code for protiens, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of_____________ in a protien
amino acids
dna ligase
attaches dna fragments
select the choices indicating similarities between RNA and DNA
both contain 4 types of nucleotide basses,both are nucleic acids, both are polymers of nucleotides
an anticodon is the compliment of the_____________
codon
which of the following is/are true of both transcription and translation
occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes involve nucleic acids rna is involved several, indentical products can be produced from on strand
which of the following are characteristics of eukaryotic mrna transcript modifications?
occur with spliceosomes, may occur through self-splicing, occur with ribozymes
ribosomes participating in production of protiens destined for secreation from the cell are located
on the ER
select the chioces indicating differences between RNA and DNA
only rna contains the base "uracil" dna is double-stranded, but rna is single stranded only rna contains the sugar "ribose"
strings of ribosomes simultanously translating a mrna strand are called______________
polyribosome
taking pre-mrna and changing it to a final mrna transcript requires multiple steps of rna___________ the removal of introns
processing
which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication?
prokaryotes have only one origin of replication the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome
to iniciate transcription, rna polymerase binds to the____________ region of the gene
promoter
in the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either__________________or_________________
protein,dna
________________ is the study of the set of protiens that an organism produces
proteomics
during the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material
protien, dna
adenine and guanine are nitrogen-containing bases called______________
purines
thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing basses called_______________
pyrimidines
which of the following are types of RNA
ribosomal rna transfer rna messanger rna
translation
rna is used to produce protien
a triplet code for amino acids is made up of
rna nucleotides
a triplet code for amino acids is made up of________
rna nucleotides
what is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing a new rna molecule through nucleotide binding
rna polymerase
pre-mRNA
rna that has not been processed yet
introns
rna that will be removed before translation
exons
rna that will be used for translation
who contributed to the determination of the shape of the dna molecule through x-ray crystallography?
rosalind franklin
why must the genetic material be a stable molecule
so replication can be accurate so genetic material can pass from generation to generation
the codon near which the smal ribosomal subunit attaches to the mrna molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (aug) is called the____________ codon
start
dna polymerase
synthesizes dna, removes rna and proofreads dna
dna primase
synthesizes short rna strands
the parental strand of dna serving as the guide for a complementary dna daughter strand is called the______ strand
template
during the phase of translation called_____________ a completed polypeptide is release
termination
a codon is composed of_______________ nucleotides, also called a triplet
three
the two pyrimidine bases are:
thymine and cytosine
a modified and finished form of a messenger RNA molecule is called an mRNA
transcript
the process of synthesizing an rna strand from a dna template strand is called______________
transcription
which of the following would contain the most nucleotide bases, if all from the same eukaryotic gene?
introns + extrons
select the characteristics of translation
involves a mRNA molecule results in a protien product
the nucleic acid molecule is joined with protiens, and is produced in the nucleolus of a nucleus, where a portion of dna serves as a template fro this formation
rRNA
which organelle would you most likely find ribosomes attached to?
rough er
dna replication can be described as________________, because the resulting daughter dna consists of one parent strand and one daughter strand
semiconserivate
dna helicase
separates double-stranded dna into single strands
select the characteristics that are to be expected of genetic material (dna)
stable,able to store information
the_______________codon binds to a release factor to end translation
stop
steps in dna replication in the correct sequence beginning with the first step at the top
1 unwinding the dna double helix, 2 complementary base pairing 3joining nucleotidess to the growing dna strand
list the sequential steps of dna replication in prokaryotes
1. the double helix is separated and unwound 2.dna polymerases begins the copying process 3.dna polymerases meet at the termination region
rank the following termination events in sequential order
1.release factor binds to stop codon 2.protien product is released 3.ribosomal subunits dissociate
place these steps in dna replication in the correct sequence beginning with the first step at the top
1.unwinding the dna double helix 2.complentary base pairing 3.joining nucleotides to the growing dna strand
which of the following contain proper complementary dna base pairs?
A-C A-T
if codons were composed of only 2 nucleotides each, for how many amino acids (out of the 20) would there not be a code?
4
there are____________ different types of dna nucleotides
4
RNA polymerase has all the following in common with dna polymerase
a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction nucleotides are joined together nucleotides are added to the 3' end
who first demonstrated that dna was the genetic material
avery,macleod, and mccarty
what is the best explanation as to why the number of adenines in an organisms dna is equal to its number of thymines
because adenine pairs with thymine in dna
which of the following were direct contributions of the work of james watson and francis crick
discovered the double helix shape of deoxyribonuclic acid, determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the dna,determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix
james watson and francis crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as
dna
james watson and francis crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as________________
dna
transcription
dna is used as a template to produce RNA
replication
dna is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA
the synthesis of new dna double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called_________
dna replication
rosalind franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the three-dimensional shape of a dna molecule was a(n)____________________ ____________________
double helix
when two molecular strands wind around each other in a double spiral, what is the structure that forms called
double helix
the__________phase of translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide
elongation
which of the following are the trna binding sites on ribosomes?
exit,peptide,amino acid
alternative mrna splicing states that a segment could be a coding___________ in one transcript for one protien, but an noncoding___________ in another
exon,intron
the coding portions of a gene that are joined during mrna processing are called
exons
gene____________ refers to the production and usage of a gene product
expression
which bacteriologist jump-started the search for dna in the 1920s
fredrick griffith
scientists were searching for the source of biological information about inheritance and development. when theyy found it, they called it the:
genetic code
in the term trna, the t stands for__________
transfer
polyribosomes are strings of ribosomes simultaniusly_____________ strand
translaating an mRNA
initiation is the stage of_____________ that occurs prior to elongation
translation
the process of______________ occurs on ribosomes, either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
translation
the process of_______________ uses mRNA,Trna, and ribosomes to synthesize protiens
translation
the genetic code is said to be a__________ code, because a set of three nucleotide basses codes for a particular amino acid
triplet
for the most part, every living organism on earth uses the same genetic code. therefore, the genetic code is considered______________
universal
if a certain section of a template strand of dna had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcripts sequence would be___________
uuacgggc
it is necessary for genetic material to be able to undergo mutations in order to provide genetic______ for evolution to occur
variation
an mRNA transcript
was made from a dna template, was produced by rna polymerase,can be used for translation