Chapter 12 (study guide)
The segment of the U.S. population with the lowest prevalence of alcoholism is:
Asian males and females.
Which method of ingesting a substance produces the fastest effect on the brain?
inhaling
Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as:
narcotic antagonist
Which substance is considered as addictive as heroin?
nicotine
Which theory explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using again more likely?
operant conditioning
Methadone is a(n):
opioid.
What is the most immediate danger of heroin use?
overdose
Cirrhosis of the liver accounts for approximately _____ deaths each year.
32,000
Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties?
MDMA
When alcohol concentration reaches _____ percent of a person's blood by volume, that individual has reached a state of intoxication.
.09 percent
In twin studies it was found that if one member of a pair of identical twins abused alcohol, the other abused it in _____ percent of cases. In a similar study of fraternal twins, if one twin abused alcohol, the other abused it in ____ percent of cases.
54; 28
Approximately what percentage of campus arrests are alcohol related?
83 percent
_____ is the world's most widely used stimulant.
Caffeine
Which statement is not a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders?
Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort, and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.
Genetic linkage studies have found an abnormal form of a gene for which type of neurotransmitter receptor?
D2
_____ is often given to people who are trying to stop consuming alcohol.
Disulfiram
Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of:
GABA.
Which is an accurate statement about the effects of marijuana?
It causes lower sperm count in some men.
_____ involves using a drug to the point that it affects one's family, social relationships, and/or work.
Substance use disorder
Aversion therapy has been mainly used in the treatment of _____ use disorder.
alcohol
Which category of drug is often given to patients in detoxification to reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures?
antianxiety drugs
Asking people with alcoholism to imagine extremely repulsive scenes while they are drinking is a form of:
behavioral therapy.
What theory explains how the sight of a hypodermic needle can induce a "high" in one dependent on heroin?
classical conditioning
Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?
cocaine
Relapse-prevention training is a form of _____ therapy.
cognitive-behavioral
Some _____ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.
cognitive-behavioral
Which drug treatment approach makes incentives (such as program privileges) dependent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens?
contingency management
Sometimes two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other. This is known as:
cross-tolerance
Which neurotransmitter system does cocaine affect?
dopamine
Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of:
endorphins
Which drug is not known to directly stimulate the brain's reward center?
heroin
Which drug was used as a cough medicine before its addictive properties were known?
heroin
Which result has not been linked to binge drinking?
homicide
The treatment model advocated by Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of a _____ approach.
sociocultural
So many soldiers received morphine injections during the Civil War that addiction to morphine was known as:
soldier's disease.
Which term is applied to an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance?
substance use disorder
The combined impact of different drugs multiplying or potentiating each other's effects is known as the _____ effect.
synergistic
When different drugs are in the body at the same time, the combined effect can be greater than when each drug is taken alone. This is called a(n):
synergistic effect.
Which activity will have the greatest effect on making an intoxicated person sober?
the passage of time
Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence:
work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches