Chapter 12 (study guide)

The segment of the U.S. population with the lowest prevalence of alcoholism is:

Asian males and females.

Which method of ingesting a substance produces the fastest effect on the brain?

inhaling

Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as:

narcotic antagonist

Which substance is considered as addictive as heroin?

nicotine

Which theory explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using again more likely?

operant conditioning

Methadone is a(n):

opioid.

What is the most immediate danger of heroin use?

overdose

Cirrhosis of the liver accounts for approximately _____ deaths each year.

32,000

Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties?

MDMA

When alcohol concentration reaches _____ percent of a person's blood by volume, that individual has reached a state of intoxication.

.09 percent

In twin studies it was found that if one member of a pair of identical twins abused alcohol, the other abused it in _____ percent of cases. In a similar study of fraternal twins, if one twin abused alcohol, the other abused it in ____ percent of cases.

54; 28

Approximately what percentage of campus arrests are alcohol related?

83 percent

_____ is the world's most widely used stimulant.

Caffeine

Which statement is not a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders?

Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort, and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.

Genetic linkage studies have found an abnormal form of a gene for which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

D2

_____ is often given to people who are trying to stop consuming alcohol.

Disulfiram

Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of:

GABA.

Which is an accurate statement about the effects of marijuana?

It causes lower sperm count in some men.

_____ involves using a drug to the point that it affects one's family, social relationships, and/or work.

Substance use disorder

Aversion therapy has been mainly used in the treatment of _____ use disorder.

alcohol

Which category of drug is often given to patients in detoxification to reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures?

antianxiety drugs

Asking people with alcoholism to imagine extremely repulsive scenes while they are drinking is a form of:

behavioral therapy.

What theory explains how the sight of a hypodermic needle can induce a "high" in one dependent on heroin?

classical conditioning

Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?

cocaine

Relapse-prevention training is a form of _____ therapy.

cognitive-behavioral

Some _____ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.

cognitive-behavioral

Which drug treatment approach makes incentives (such as program privileges) dependent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens?

contingency management

Sometimes two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other. This is known as:

cross-tolerance

Which neurotransmitter system does cocaine affect?

dopamine

Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of:

endorphins

Which drug is not known to directly stimulate the brain's reward center?

heroin

Which drug was used as a cough medicine before its addictive properties were known?

heroin

Which result has not been linked to binge drinking?

homicide

The treatment model advocated by Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of a _____ approach.

sociocultural

So many soldiers received morphine injections during the Civil War that addiction to morphine was known as:

soldier's disease.

Which term is applied to an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance?

substance use disorder

The combined impact of different drugs multiplying or potentiating each other's effects is known as the _____ effect.

synergistic

When different drugs are in the body at the same time, the combined effect can be greater than when each drug is taken alone. This is called a(n):

synergistic effect.

Which activity will have the greatest effect on making an intoxicated person sober?

the passage of time

Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence:

work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches