chapter 13

_____ is the process by which people come to understand others. Observation Informed consent Social cognition Stereotyping

Social cognition

Jackson's teacher knows that he has had the flu and has been very ill. Jackson doesn't perform well on his exam, but his teacher still believes that his poor performance is due to his laziness and not to his illness. Jackson's teacher is demonstrating: a self-fulfilling prophecy. cognitive dissonance. a correspondence bias. deindividuation.

a correspondence bias.

Based on what you know about influence and conformity, who would be MOST influential in a debate about illegal immigration? a media pundit a professor of immigration law a legal immigrant an illegal immigrant

a professor of immigration law

Norman's statement that his professor gives him a bad grade because she doesn't like him is a(n): stereotype. bias. disposition. attribution.

attribution.

When someone comes up with reasons for why others behave as they do, that person is creating: stereotypes. attributions. dispositions. biases.

attributions.

Brian steps into an elevator full of people and begins to talk on his cell phone very loudly. For what reason might Brian receive disapproving looks or comments from others on the elevator? because of his hedonic motive because he has violated a norm because he is not an authority figure because he is discriminated against

because he has violated a norm

Why can stereotype threat actually cause people to conform to the given stereotype? because stereotypes are always accurate because stereotypes account for individual variability within groups because the negative views directed toward them lead them to perform poorly because the positive views directed toward them lead them to behave in routine ways

because the negative views directed toward them lead them to perform poorly

When women make the first move to initiate a relationship, research has shown that they: become much more selective. become less selective. remain at the same level of selectivity than men. have individual differences in changes in their selectivity.

become less selective.

When Israel's roommate tells him that getting up earlier in the morning would help him get to class on time, he is expressing a(n): belief. attitude. norm. informational influence.

belief.

In Asch's classic study on _____, most people reported that 2 lines of obviously different lengths were the same on at least one trial when all of the people in the experiment with them said they were the same. reciprocity conformity obedience to authority persuasion

conformity

Compared to smoking or being overweight, being socially isolated is _____with respect to physical health. not comparable much better equally as bad much worse

equally as bad

Your friend asks you to feed her cat while she is out of town. You agree and then she asks if you can also water her plants, take out the recycling, and get the mail. What technique has your friend just used to achieve your cooperation? door-in-the-face foot-in-the-door cognitive dissonance normative influence

foot-in-the-door

Perceptual confirmation is the idea that: conformity always influences behavior. people are inherently social creatures with accurate perceptions. observers will see what they expect to see. observers will bring about what they expect to perceive by directly acting on a situation.

observers will see what they expect to see.

If you come into a math class with the expectation that the teacher will be mean, you may not notice his smile, but you might notice the amount of work he is assigning for the semester. This is because of the process of: subtyping. perceptual confirmation. stereotyping. social cognition.

perceptual confirmation.

There are many reasons that contribute to our attraction to others. One of the best predictors in selecting and developing interpersonal and romantic relationships is: mere exposure effect. personality characteristics. commonalities in parental behavior. physical proximity.

physical proximity.

What are people doing when they make inferences about others based on the categories to which those others belong? discriminating anticategorizing engaging in observational learning stereotyping

stereotyping

In a study where participants were given a dull task to do for either a small or large amount of money, _____ was/were _____ to lie and say that the task was fun. the small-amount group; less likely the large-amount group; more likely the small-amount group; more likely both groups; equally likely

the small-amount group; more likely

During a debate, what are people's attitudes and beliefs on issues mostly influenced by if they have low motivation to analyze the evidence of the speakers' points? the status of the speaker the strength of the arguments the status of the speaker and strength of their arguments to equal degrees their own personal morality

the status of the speaker

When people _____ the variability of human categories, they feel _____ in using stereotypes. underestimate; justified underestimate; unjustified overestimate; unjustified overestimate; justified

underestimate; justified

The textbook notes that only four species are described as being "ultrasocial." Which is NOT one of these species? whales human beings naked mole rats termites

whales

The hypothesis of social exchange states that you will be unlikely to end your love relationship if: the costs outweigh the benefits. you have a very different cost-benefit ratio than your partner. you have little invested in the relationship. you do not believe you can find a better partner.

you do not believe you can find a better partner.

In Milgram's infamous study, around _____ percent of the participants delivered the highest level of shock. 10 25 60 85

60

Who is MOST likely to engage in aggression? Terrence, who has low self-esteem Sam, who has average self-esteem Jason, who has high-average self-esteem Bill, who has unreasonably high self-esteem

Bill, who has unreasonably high self-esteem

_____ explains why fraternities use hazing and why some religious cults require that members give all of their worldly possessions to the cult. The door-in-the-face phenomenon Altruism Bait and switch Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance

_____ occurs when people make a dispositional attribution for someone's behavior even when the person's behavior was caused by a situation. Consensual attribution Stereotyping Correspondence bias Dispositional heuristic

Correspondence bias

_____ suggests that people are more likely to behave in ways that are inconsistent with their own personal values when they are immersed in a group of people rather than focused on themselves. Confirmation bias The cheater-detection hypothesis Deindividuation Diffusion of responsibility

Deindividuation

_____ persuasion involves a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion. Systematic Heuristic Non-systematic Inferential

Heuristic

What was the conclusion drawn from Milgram's famous studies? Most people have underlying sadistic tendencies. Most people will obey an authority figure because of normative pressure. A minority of people have underlying sadistic tendencies. A minority of people will obey an authority figure because of normative pressure.

Most people will obey an authority figure because of normative pressure.

_____ love occurs rapidly and ends within a few months, whereas _____ love develops more slowly and can continue throughout the rest of the life span. Companionate; compassionate Passionate; companionate Companionate; equitable Passionate; equitable

Passionate; companionate

Why do people usually conform to the behavior of others? They have an instinct to conform. They want to appear to be smarter than everyone else. They are trying to be polite. They want to be accepted socially.

They want to be accepted socially.

When men are selecting a long-term partner rather than someone for a short-term fling, does their sexual selectivity change? Yes, they become less selective. No, there is no difference. Yes, they become more selective. It depends on the man.

Yes, they become more selective.

Jeannie has ADHD, and her teacher believes that all children with ADHD misbehave in the classroom. Jeannie never used to misbehave, but now her parents get a weekly phone call from the principal about Jeannie's bad behavior at school. Jeannie's teacher may be creating _____ for Jeannie. cognitive dissonance a self-fulfilling prophecy deindividuation an actor-observer effect

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Maude is a making _____ when she receives a low grade on a test and, rather than admitting that she didn't study as much as she should have, says it is because the teacher didn't prepare her and besides she was having a bad day. a correspondence bias the fundamental attribution error a situational attribution a social oxymoron

a situational attribution

Men are considered most attractive with bodies shaped like _____, and women are considered most attractive with bodies shaped like ____. an hourglass; inverted triangle an inverted triangle; an hourglass a doughnut; an hourglass an inverted triangle; a brick

an inverted triangle; an hourglass

Sometimes at professional sporting events people will behave in a loud and reckless manner even though they would never behave that way if they were alone. What phenomenon does this illustrate? deindividuation diffusion of responsibility group think mere exposure effect

deindividuation

If you treat someone differently because of their group membership, you are engaging in: prejudice. cooperation. discrimination.

discrimination.

Making a big request first, followed by a smaller request, exemplifies which technique of persuasion? foot-in-the-door reciprocity door-in-the-face normative influence

door-in-the-face

The _____ is the tendency to ignore a person's situation and to focus on that person's disposition. diffusion of responsibility fundamental attribution error self-fulfilling prophecy actor-observer effect

fundamental attribution error

What is the BEST predictor of aggression? race socioeconomic status gender age

gender

A _____ is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others. cooperative cohort group kin

group

What is the basis for the majority of stereotypes that people have? direct observations hearsay genetic predispositions behavioral neuroscience

hearsay

Many people were influenced to invest in a scheme that promised very large returns. The promise of such returns was emotionally pleasurable to them due to the _____ made them susceptible to social influence. approval motive monetary motive hedonic motive primary motive

hedonic motive

In personal ads, one study found that a man's _____ and a woman's _____ were the most important factor for determining how many responses they received. education; height job status; education height; weight weight; height

height; weight

While campaigning, a local candidate for mayor wears nice suits, kisses babies, throws out the first pitch at the minor league baseball game, and promotes his friendship with Michael Jordan. What technique is this mayoral candidate using? foot-in-the-door systematic persuasion heuristic persuasion normative influence

heuristic persuasion

Social factors, such as the frequency with which one is approached with sexual intentions and the higher reputational costs associated with sex, _____ the sexual selectivity of women. have no effect on have mixed effects on increase decrease

increase

When small inconsistencies are justified by large consistencies, cognitive dissonance: always occurs. often occurs. sometimes occurs. is reduced.

is reduced.

Male faces are more attractive when they look _____, and female faces are more attractive when they appear _____. mature; immature immature; mature composites; mature symmetrical; asymmetrical

mature; immature

The _____ is responsible for processing attitudes about people but not objects. lateral geniculate nucleus medial temporal cortex lateral prefrontal cortex medial prefrontal cortex

medial prefrontal cortex

Research on gender differences in aggression has shown that: men are more likely than women to aggress physically and socially. men are more likely than women to aggress physically but less likely to aggress socially. men are less likely than women to aggress physically or socially. women are less likely than men to aggress physically and socially.

men are more likely than women to aggress physically but less likely to aggress socially.

The mere exposure effect suggests that you are likely to find someone _____ the more time you spend with them. less attractive equally attractive more attractive completely unattractive

more attractive

When you are visiting another country with completely different cultural beliefs and societal guidelines than your own, it is often helpful to imitate the behavior of the people you see around you. What does this behavior best illustrate? social laws normative influence confirmation bias the norm of reciprocity

normative influence

The actor-observer effect states that people tend to make _____ attributions for their own behaviors and _____ attributions for identical behaviors done by others. situational; situational situational; dispositional dispositional; situational dispositional; dispositional

situational; dispositional

What is involved in the study of social psychology? how people interact to satisfy their needs how people develop over time how people figure out what others are thinking social behavior, influence, and cognition

social behavior, influence, and cognition

The idea that people behave aggressively when their goals are thwarted is known as: the frustration-aggression principle. cognitive-behavioral aggression. the altruistic principle. the catharsis principle.

the frustration-aggression principle.