Chapter 13

According to the fossil record, the first modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared approximately ______ years ago. - 6,000 - 190 million - 6 million - 1 million - 200,000

200,000

__________ live a double life, referring to two life stages: one lived in water and one on land. A. amphibians B. insects C. reptiles D. lancelets E. lampreys

A. amphibians

Unlike cnidarians, worms develop with a body plan characterized by __________, which adapts them for forward movement. A. bilateral symmetry B. growth C. molting D. segments E. radial symmetry

A. bilateral symmetry

In the echinoderms, which stage of development shows bilateral symmetry? A. the larval stage is bilaterally symmetrical B. the adult stage is bilaterally symmetrical C. All life stages have bilateral symmetry D. No life stages are bilaterally symmetrical

A. the larval stage is bilaterally symmetrical

Which mollusk is by its shell of two halves (such as scallops and clams)? A. cephalopod B. gastropod C. bivalve D. nudibranch E. nautilus

C. bivalve

Cnidarians are a unique group of organisms. Which statement about cnidarians is true? - Cnidarians can be sessile (polyp) or free-floating (medusa). - They have a specialized sensory organ known as a cnidocyte. - Cnidarians are omnivores. - Cnidarians get their name from their body shape. - Cnidarians include jellyfish, sea urchins, and corals.

Cnidarians can be sessile (polyp) or free-floating (medusa). *These are the two body types of cnidarians.

Why is the amniotic egg considered a key evolutionary innovation? - It has an unbreakable shell. - It greatly increases the likelihood of survival of the eggs in a terrestrial environment. - It extends the time of embryonic development. - It enables eggs to float in an aquatic medium. - It prohibits external fertilization, thereby facilitating the evolutionary innovation of internal fertilization.

It greatly increases the likelihood of survival of the eggs in a terrestrial environment.

Classify each structural characteristic as belonging to Porifera or Cnidaria. - biradial symmetry - irregular body organization in adults - lack of body tissues - lack of true tissues - polyp and medusa body plans - presence of true tissues

Porifera: - irregular body organization in adults - lack of body tissues - lack of true tissues Cnidaria: - biradial symmetry - polyp and medusa body plans - presence of true tissues

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes all chordates from all other animals? - bilateral symmetry during embryonic or larval development - an amniotic egg - a vertebral column - a dorsal hollow nerve cord - collar cells

a dorsal hollow nerve cord

Which characteristics are found in all chordates? - asymmetrical, gut develops from front to back, and lacks tissues - radial symmetry, defined tissues, and gut develops from front to back - radial symmetry, gut develops from front to back, and grows by molting - bilateral symmetry, defined tissues, and gut develops from front to back - bilateral symmetry, defined tissues, and gut develops from back to front

bilateral symmetry, defined tissues, and gut develops from back to front *All chordates exhibit bilateral symmetry, have defined tissues, and have a gut that develops from back to front.

The type of adaptation most likely to occur over evolutionary time is one that: - causes the individuals in a population to have greater intelligence - increases the physiological simplicity of the individuals in a population. - causes the individuals in a population to more closely resemble humans. - causes the individuals in a population to more efficiently reproduce in the environment in which they live. - increases the physiological complexity and sophistication of the individuals in a population.

causes the individuals in a population to more efficiently reproduce in the environment in which they live.

Which anatomical characteristic of humans can be traced back to our arboreal origins? - exothermic temperature regulation - increased caloric intake - mammary glands - forward-directed eyes - large brain size

forward-directed eyes *Forward-directed eyes as well as binocular vision allow for distances to be judged accurately. It is one of the adaptations traced back to life in the trees.

A new animal is discovered with a prominent muscular foot that attaches to underwater rocks. The animal also has a one-piece shell. To which of the following animal groups does this new animal belong? - cephalopods - crustaceans - gastropods - echinoderms - bivalves

gastropods

Sharks are to jaws as _____ are to _____. - lampreys; circular oral disks - paired fins; tunicates - hagfish; swim bladders - lancelets; notochords - manta rays; bony jaws

lampreys; circular oral disks *Lampreys have circular oral disks for feeding on prey, whereas sharks possess jaws.

Which animal belongs to the class Oligochaeta? - centipede - fluke - featherduster worm - leech

leech

Trichinella worms sometimes cause the disease known as trichinosis in humans when undercooked pork is eaten. These organisms have long cylindrical bodies but no segmentation. This species is most similar to which animal? - nematodes - earthworms - Portuguese man-o'-war - jellyfish - flatworms

nematodes *These worms are not segmented and have a cylindrical shaped body.

Marsupials and which of the following groups combine to make a monophyletic group? primates birds carnivores placental mammals monotremes

placental mammals

Which characteristic is NOT common to all chordates (at some point in their development)? - post-anal tail - presence of vertebrae - pharyngeal slits - notochord - dorsal hollow nerve cord

presence of vertebrae *Tunicates and lancelets are examples of invertebrate chordates.

In cnidarians, cnidocytes are primarily used for: - creation of water flow across the body wall. - muscular contraction during movement. - formation of free-living medusas. - prey capture and defense. - secretion of digestive enzymes.

prey capture and defense

The mollusk's mantle is used primarily for: - producing the shell - feeding - gas exchange - reproduction - excretion

producing the shell

What kind of symmetry do echinoderms have? - radial symmetry - spherical symmetry - no symmetry - mirror‑image symmetry

radial symmetry

Which of these animals is a tetrapod that does not produce amniotic eggs? - monkey - elephant - salamander - human - python

salamander

Which of these animals is NOT an arachnid? - scorpion - spider - mite - tick - shrimp

shrimp *Shrimp are crustaceans. Unlike arachnids, which are land-dwelling arthropods, most crustaceans are aquatic.

The phylum Arthropoda includes all of the following kinds of animals except: - crabs - butterflies - crayfish - snails - scorpions

snails

Which animal is an ectotherm? - hawk - human - snake - sea lion - dolphin

snake *Snakes are exothermic, meaning their body temperature is controlled by external conditions, such as air temperature.

All groups of animals have nervous systems except: - sponges - worms - flatworms - echinoderms - jellyfish

sponges *Sponges lack a nervous system. In fact, sponges have no tissues or organ systems.

Which organism is not a chordate? - starfish - stingray - reptile - lancelet - tunicate

starfish *A starfish is not a chordate; it is found in the echinoderm phylum.

Which characteristic is NOT one of the major evolutionary adaptations that occurred as animals moved from water to land? - eggs that resist drying out - a rigid backbone - swim bladder - lungs - four legs

swim bladder *A swim bladder is homologous to the lungs of land-dwelling vertebrates and is not one of the major evolutionary adaptations that occurred as animals moved from water to land.

All animals obtain energy from: - the consumption of other organisms. - stored fatty acids. - nutrients within the soil. - photons originating from the sun. - inorganic chemical processes.

the consumption of other organisms. *All animals rely upon consuming other organisms as a food source, whereas plants and certain bacteria can obtain their energy from inorganic compounds or sunlight.

Which is NOT a characteristic of tunicates? - pharyngeal slits - deuterostome - free-swimming larvae - filter-feeders - vertebrae

vertebrae *Tunicates are a member of the chordate phylum that do not possess vertebrae.

Which came first, the chicken or the egg? - The egg, because the chicken is not a real species - The chicken, because the amniotic egg did not evolve until the first chicken appeared. - It is impossible to determine because eggs leave no fossils. - The chicken, because, during speciation, the adult stage always precedes the juvenile stage. - The egg, because the amniotic egg evolved well before the first birds.

- The egg, because the amniotic egg evolved well before the first birds.

Choose the category of animals that contains all of the other animals in the list. - insects - arthropods - arachnids - millipedes - crustaceans

- arthropods

The notochord that characterizes all chordates at some stage in their life cycle provides all of the following functions except: - a longitudinal stiffening of the main body axis. - makes locomotion possible by stiffening when muscles contract. - bony protection for the nerve cord. - a base for trunk muscles.an axis around which the vertebral column develops.

- bony protection for the nerve cord. *In complex chordates the notochord is only present in the early embryo. It is then replaced by the backbone.

Fossil evidence of humans indicates that an increase in brain size was coupled with a decrease in teeth size. This evidence suggests that humans __________. A. began to use tools instead of teeth in food preparation B. changed their diet to eat softer food (such as fruit) C. lacked sufficient dietary calcium D. stopped eating meat

A. began to use tools instead of teeth in food preparation

A key characteristic that separates humans from other apes is __________. A. bipedalism B. binocular vision C. lack of a tail D. fingers and opposable thumbs E. joints that allow arm rotation

A. bipedalism

The __________ is a stinging cell that cnidarians use to capture prey. A. cnidocyte B. choanocyte C. amoebocyte D. tentacle E. harpoon

A. cnidocyte

The evolution of __________ set the stage for an explosive diversification of the vertebrates. A. fins and jaws B. vertebrae and the skull C. lungs D. cartilage E. a nervous system

A. fins and jaws

Some insects have a life cycle in which eggs hatch to nymphs that resemble a smaller version of the adult stage. This pattern of growth and development is called __________. A. incomplete metamorphosis B. maturation C. partial metamorphosis D. progression E. complete metamorphosis

A. incomplete metamorphosis

Nearly all protostomes are __________, meaning they lack a backbone. A. invertebrates B. vertebrates C. sponges D. chordates E. mammals

A. invertebrates

Of the "worms," __________ are more closely related to the arthropods than they are to other "worm" phyla. A. roundworms B. flatworms C. tapeworms D. segmented worms E. earthworms

A. roundworms

Sponges are currently thought to be the oldest phylum of all animals, in part because they lack __________, which all other animals have. A. tissues B. cells C. body D. organ systems E. gametes

A. tissues

Fossil evidence of H. neanderthalensis includes bones that had been broken and healed, suggesting that Neanderthals __________. A. had weak bones from a diet deficient in key nutrients B. regularly engaged in hand-to-hand combat with other Homo species C. were uncoordinated on the ground D. experienced serious falls while they lived in trees E. lived in organized groups that allowed serious injuries to heal

E. lived in organized groups that allowed serious injuries to heal

Which of the statements describes the difference between incomplete and complete metamorphosis? - Incomplete metamorphosis describes the hatching of an egg to a larva, whereas complete metamorphosis describes the development of the adult during a pupa stage. - Although insects that undergo incomplete and complete metamorphosis have a larval stage that does not resemble the adult form, only insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis have a distinct pupa stage. - Complete metamorphosis describes insects that change from nymph to pupa to adult during development, whereas incomplete metamorphosis describes insects that change from larva to adults. - Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis resemble their adult form as nymphs, whereas insects that undergo complete metamorphosis have larval stages with a morphology that is unlike that of the adult form. - Nymphs, which resemble adults, are the immature form of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, whereas larva, which do not resemble adults, are an immature form of insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis.

Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis resemble their adult form as nymphs, whereas insects that undergo complete metamorphosis have larval stages with a morphology that is unlike that of the adult form.

Which is NOT a crustacean? - Portuguese man-o'-war - crayfish - pill bugs or woodlice - barnacles - shrimp

Portuguese man-o'-war *Portuguese man-o'-war are cnidarians.

Which type of worms include species that are internal parasites? - polychaetes - leeches - earthworms - slugs - tapeworms

tapeworms *All 5,000 species of tapeworms are parasitic, living in a host's gut and absorbing nutrients directly through their body wall.

The lineage that first separated from the common ancestor of all animals, and retains many of the same primitive features to this day, includes which of the following modern organisms? - the earthworm - the grasshopper - the jellyfish - the sea turtle - the sponge

the sponge *The sponge is the simplest of all animals, lacking any tissues or organs.

Which species is the least evolutionarily successful? - the irukandji, the most toxic box jellyfish (Carukia barnesi) - the wooly mammoth. - the Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) - the housefly (Musca domestica) - the house mouse (Mus musculus )

the wooly mammoth. : *Every extant species is evolutionarily successful. However, the wooly mammoth is extinct and so is not an extant species.

What characteristics are shared by all animals? ☐ are able to move around during at least one life stage ☐ are heterotrophic ☐ have cells organized into separate and distinct tissues ☐ are multicellular eukaryotes ☐ have cell walls

☒ are able to move around during at least one life stage ☒ are heterotrophic ☒ are multicellular eukaryotes

Which features allowed early primates to succeed as arboreal insectivores? ☐ sharp, clawed fingers ☐ binocular vision ☐ legs that are longer than arms ☐ grasping fingers and toes ☐ prehensile tails

☒ binocular vision ☒ grasping fingers and toes

In insects, development proceeds by complete metamorphosis, the advantage of which is that __________. A. larvae and adults have different food sources B. larvae are cryptic and less likely to be eaten than the adults C. different stages have different genes that direct growth D. the pupa doesn't require any resources at all E. it eliminates the need for molting

A. larvae and adults have different food sources

Of the worms, which ones have enormous economic value to agriculture because they improve soil? A. roundworms B. earthworms C. flatworms D. tapeworms E. polychaetes

B. earthworms

Which phylum is characterized by a hard skeleton of spiny plates and move using a system of tube feet? A. mollusks B. echinoderms C. chordates D. polychaetes E. crustaceans

B. echinoderms

The common ancestor of all animals is likely to have been a __________. A. prokaryote B. flagellated protist C. flagellated archaea D. sponge E. dinoflagellate

B. flagellated protist

A hypothesis for the evolution of feathers is that they were first used __________. A. to facilitate flight B. for behavioral displays (mating and aggression) C. to insulate and conserve body heat D. for camouflage E. as spiny scales that served to protect

B. for behavioral displays (mating and aggression)

Of the following traits, which is unique to animals? A. multicellularity B. using mitochondria to make ATP C. getting energy by ingesting and internally digesting organisms D. having DNA as genetic information E. having cells that are all eukaryotic

C. getting energy by ingesting and internally digesting organisms

Mollusks make up a diverse phylum, but these animals are united by which one of the following traits that is unique to the phylum? A. protostome development B. defined tissues C. bilateral symmetry D. mantle E. growth, not molting

D. mantle

True or false: Animals with backbones are more evolutionarily successful than organisms without backbones. - False. This adaptation reduces flexibility and hinders a vertebrate's success in their environment. - False. The energy required to produce this structure takes away from vertebrate's ability to reproduce. - False. Each species exhibits adaptations that best suit their environment. - False. The fact that there is more diversity among invertebrates indicates they are more successful than vertebrates. - True. This adaptation enables vertebrates to be more successful in their environment.

False. Each species exhibits adaptations that best suit their environment. *The study of evolution does not rank species as more or less successful. Each species possesses a combination of various adaptations that enable them to be successful (e.g., find food, escape predators, and reproduce) in their environment.

What is the relationship between coral and zooxanthellae? - Parasitic; zooxanthellae are a type of algae that grows inside coral, feeding off of the coral's nutrients and causing coral bleaching over time. - Commensal; zooxanthellae are a type of algae that resides among the coral, but the coral is unaffected by its presence. - There is no relationship between the two. Zooxanthellae are terrestrial animals, and coral is aquatic. - Competitive; zooxanthellae are a type of algae that compete with coral for space and nutrients. - Mutually symbiotic; zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrition, while the coral provide zooxanthellae with carbon dioxide.

Mutually symbiotic; zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrition, while the coral provide zooxanthellae with carbon dioxide. *Both of these organisms depend on each other for survival.

Classify each characteristic as describing either ray‑finned fishes or lobe‑finned fishes. - ancestor of four-limbed animals - body spines in fins - currently comprise only a few species - fleshy, muscular fins - largest group of fish species

Ray-finned fishes: - bony spines in fins - largest group of fish species Lobe-finned fishes - fleshy, muscular fins - ancestor of four-limbed animals - currently comprise only a few species

What is the key difference between protostomes and deuterostomes? - Protostomes represent a lineage of bilaterally symmetrical animals, whereas deuterostomes represent a lineage of radially symmetrical animals. - Protostomes are animals with soft exteriors and deuterostomes are animals with hard exteriors (i.e., shells). - The protostome gut develops from front to back, so the first opening is the mouth. The deuterostome gut develops back to front, and the second opening becomes the mouth. - The protostome gut develops from back to front and the second opening becomes the mouth. The deuterostome gut develops from front to back, so the first opening is the mouth. - Protostomes represent animals that are prokaryotes, and deuterostomes represent all over animals.

The protostome gut develops from front to back, so the first opening is the mouth. The deuterostome gut develops back to front, and the second opening becomes the mouth. *The way in which their gut develops is the difference between the two.

Why is the term "worm" considered misleading in an evolutionary sense? - The worm-like body plan evolved from a common ancestor, but are found in animals living in very different environments. - Because the early life cycle of worms can vary greatly in their body plan, with about half of the species having bilateral and half having radial symmetry. - The three phyla we call worms are less closely related to one another than they are to other phyla. - The two phyla we commonly call worms are divided by being parasitic or not. - Because any long, skinny, and slimy animal may not actually be a type of "worm."

The three phyla we call worms are less closely related to one another than they are to other phyla. *For example, segmented worms are more closely related to mollusks than they are to roundworms.

Which statement is NOT true about Neandertals? - They lived primarily in Africa. - They hunted large game with short spears. - They lived in organized social groups. - They were more muscular and robust than modern humans. - They were nearly the same size as modern humans.

They lived primarily in Africa. *Neandertals lived primarily across Europe and the Middle East.

In which animal does the mouth develop before the anus during gut development? - humans - monkeys - sponges - starfishes - fruit flies

fruit flies *All arthropods, including insects such as fruit flies, are protostomes, meaning their gut develops from front to back.

Which correctly pairs a stage of arthropod metamorphosis with its most significant change at that stage? - adult: changes occur throughout the entire adult life until reproduction - larva: embryological growth and change occurs at this stage - pupa: the pupa eats and grows large enough to become an adult - pupa: body structures of the larva are broken down and reassembled - zygota: the sperm and the egg unite

pupa: body structures of the larva are broken down and reassembled *This is the actual defining stage of metamorphosis, when the larva encloses itself in a case, body structures are broken down, and new structures are assembled into adult form.

Select the features that define a chordate. ☐ hollow nerve cord ☐ scales ☐ pharyngeal slits (clefts) ☐ spine ☐ post‑anal tail ☐ notochord ☐ gills

☒ hollow nerve cord ☒ pharyngeal slits (clefts) ☒ post‑anal tail ☒ notochord

Which are examples of amniotes? ☐ kangaroos ☐ toads ☐ shrimp ☐ lizards

☒ kangaroos ☒ lizards

Which are members of the tetrapod clade? ☐ snakes ☐ salmon ☐ crabs ☐ frogs

☒ snakes ☒ frogs