chapter 13
True or false: Religious attendance and commitment have been positively associated with health outcomes in middle adulthood.
True
What does crystallized intelligence include?
Verbal skills Accumulated information
Studies report that there is _________ association between religious participation and longevity.
a positive
A loss of strength in middle adulthood is most common in the ______.
back and legs
Viagra works by allowing increased ___________ flow to the penis.
blood
The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.
climacteric
The term _________ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. (Watch your spelling!)
climacteric
Many middle-aged adults experience decreases in the visual fields, creating a problem seeing objects that are
close
The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as erectile ______.
dysfunction
The decline in memory in late middle age has been attributable to lack of ______.
effective memory strategies
The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as ___________ ____________
erectile disfunction
Hot flashes are associated with a decline in the production of the hormone
estrogen
Midlife changes typically produce ______ opportunities for leisure.
expanded
Cross-cultural studies on menopause indicate that Asian women report _____ hot flashes than women in Western societies.
fewer
Events such as the death of a parent, becoming a grandparent, and having one's last child leave the home are ______.
more likely to occur in late midlife than in earlier midlife
For many adults, susceptibility to colds and allergies are _____ common in middle adulthood compared to adolescence and early adulthood.
less
Sexual activity in middle adulthood usually occurs ______ in early adulthood.
less frequently than
Which factors play a role in the rate of aging in middle age?
lifestyle factors genetic makeup
The ability of men and women to function sexually shows ______ biological decline in middle adulthood.
little
During middle adulthood, people tend to _____ height.
lose
The time when women's menstrual periods completely cease is known as
menopause
As people in ______ adulthood prepare for retirement, they may have to adjust their idealistic hopes to realistic possibilities to meet their goals.
middle
The time period between one's 40s and 60s is known as _________ adulthood.
middle adulthood
One study found that almost half of individuals 65 to 69 years of age considered themselves ______.
middle-aged
Hot flashes during menopause are _______.
more common in some cultures than others
Menopause TYPICALLY occurs between the ages of ______.
39 and 59
Middle adulthood has been defined as the age period between the ______.
40s to mid 60s
Which of the following statements regarding changes in midlife are TRUE?
50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today.
Late midlife is defined as the age period between ______.
55 and 65 years
What causes hot flashes?
A decline in estrogen production
What has promoted the rectangularization of age distribution?
Aging of the baby-boom cohort Low fertility rates Increased longevity
For many people, what is middle adulthood a time of?
Becoming more aware of the young-old polarity Declining physical skills Passing on something meaningful to the next generation
Select the leading causes of death in middle adulthood.
Cancer and cardiovascular disease
Which of the following statements regarding menopause is FALSE?
The age of onset for menopause has decreased significantly in the 20th century.
True or false: Cardiovascular disease increases significantly from middle adulthood until late adulthood. True false question.
True
Starting in late middle age, due to changes in working memory, ______. (Select all that apply.)
more time is needed to retrieve information more time is needed to learn new information
Companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in ______.
offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults
______ is the term given to describe age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
sarcopenia
In general, there is little change with regard to lung capacity during middle adulthood, except for a decrease in lung capacity for people who
smoke
Middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone _________ at a rate of 1% per year.
testosterone
The challenges facing many of today's middle-aged workers include all of the following, EXCEPT ______.
the decline in information technologies
Today, the age distribution of the population has created what is known as rectangularization because ______.
the percentages of people at different ages in the lifespan are more similar
Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study of cognitive abilities across the lifespan indicated that ______.
there were more peaks than declines in cognitive abilities in middle age
There is a lower risk of cardiovascular disease when _______.
HDL is high and LDL is low
Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the mortality rates of people in middle adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
Chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood. In middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition. Infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century.
Which of the following describe vision changes in middle age?
Close objects become more difficult to see. Retina becomes less sensitive to low-light situations.
Due to concerns about the safety of HRT, which alternatives do many women seek?
Dietary supplements and herbal remedies Regular exercise
Which of the following is NOT a reason why middle adulthood may allow more time for leisure?
Fewer family demands
_____ intelligence involves one's ability to reason.
Fluid
Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities?
Freedom Responsibility Spirituality
According to Frankl, what are the THREE most distinct human qualities?
Freedom Spirituality Responsibility
Due to concerns about the safety of HRT, which alternatives do many women seek?
Herbal remedies Nonsteroidal medications Relaxation therapy and acupuncture
Which of the following side effects may be produced by menopause?
Hot flashes Nausea Fatigue
Which statements regarding health and disease in middle adulthood are TRUE?
In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to colds than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to allergies than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Frequency of accidents declines in middle adulthood compared to early adulthood and adolescence.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sleep changes in middle adulthood?
In middle adulthood, there is a reduction in the total number of hours slept as compared to early adulthood.
Which of the following have contributed to the rectangularization of age distribution?
Increased longevity Baby boomers getting older
Which statement regarding changes in middle-aged adults' memory is FALSE?
Increases in memory are usually found in cross-sectional studies.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hormone replacement therapy?
It can consist of various forms of estrogen, and usually a progestin.
Which of the following statements regarding hormone replacement therapy are true?
It is most beneficial before age 60. It is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. It can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
Generally, what has been concluded about menopause?
It is not the negative experience for most women it was previously considered to be.
Which of the following accurately describe age-related physical changes?
Joint performance generally peaks in one's 20s. Bone loss usually accelerates with further aging. Age-related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% to 2% per year after age 50.
__________ refers to the pleasant times after daily work hours when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.
Leisure time
Which of the following statements about leisure are true?
Leisure time helps buffer the effects of stress. Physically active leisure pursuits are associated with higher cognitive performance. Physically active leisure pursuits are associated with longer life.
Which middle-aged woman is MOST likely to engage in sexual activity?
Marianne, a married woman living with her partner
Which of the following statements about hormonal changes in middle-aged men is TRUE?
Men do not lose fertility in middle age.
___________ is the time for women in middle age, usually during their late 40s or early 50s when their menstrual periods stop.
Menopause
When is expertise more likely to occur?
Middle adulthood
Which of the following statements about middle-aged workers is FALSE?
Most have not yet reached their peak in earnings.
Which of the following statements regarding changes in lung capacity in middle adulthood is FALSE?
Most middle-aged adults experience a large change in lung capacity.
Which statement regarding work in midlife is FALSE?
Most workers are starting to retire.
Which statements about weight in midlife are TRUE?
Nearly 40% of middle-aged adults were classified as obese in a recent study. Obesity in middle adulthood increases one's risk for hypertension. Obesity increases from early to middle adulthood.
Which of the following are needs that are linked to the meaning of life?
Need for values Need for self-worth Need for a sense of efficacy
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the
Ovaries
What was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life?
People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist.
Which of the following is NOT a finding of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?
Perceptual speed increased in middle adulthood.
Which of the following statements about leisure are true?
Physically active leisure pursuits are associated with longer life. Physically active leisure pursuits are associated with higher cognitive performance. Leisure time helps buffer the effects of stress.
Which of the following are among the more visible and obvious signs of aging? (Select all that apply.)
Pigmentation in the skin producing age spots Skin beginning to wrinkle and sag Fingernails and toenails developing ridges and becoming thicker
All of the following, EXCEPT _____, are used to treat erectile dysfunction.
Prozac
_________ -time tasks are one common way of assessing speed of information processing.
Reaction
__________ -time tasks are one common way of assessing speed of information processing.
Reaction
Which of the following statements about leisure are true?
Research on middle-aged men shows that annual vacations are correlated with fewer deaths. Leisure helps middle--aged adults prepare psychologically for retirement. A lack of leisure time in middle adulthood is linked to cognitive impairment later on.
In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men and women in middle age?
Spatial orientation Verbal ability Inductive reasoning Verbal memory
How is fluid intelligence defined?
The ability to reason abstractly
Which statement about the rate of physical changes in middle adulthood is NOT true?
The rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults.
Which of the following statements is NOT a reason people in midlife typically become motivated to change jobs?
They face pressure from employers to stay on the job rather than retire
Which of the following describe the effects of aging on an individual's height? (Select all that apply.)
Women can lose as much as 2 inches in height during adulthood. A decrease in height in middle adulthood is usually associated with bone loss.
Based on data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, Schaie found more declines using __________ assessments than in __________ assessments. (Watch your spelling!)
crosssectional, longitudinal
One's accumulated information and verbal skills are components of ______ intelligence.
crystallized
John Horn argues that ________ intelligence continues to increase in middle adulthood, whereas ______ intelligence begins to decline in middle adulthood.
crystallized; fluid
It has been concluded that in general, there is a(n) ______ during middle adulthood.
decline in memory
In terms of gains (growth) and losses (decline), emotional support from others generally ______ in late middle adulthood.
decreases
In terms of gains (growth) and losses (declines), biological functioning typically ______ in middle adulthood.
decreases
Speed of processing information ______ in middle adulthood.
decreases
1 Being overweight or obese in middle adulthood is associated with increased risk of ______. (Select all that apply.)
diabetes digestive disorders hypertension
Being overweight or obese in middle adulthood is associated with increased risk of ______. (Select all that apply.)
diabetes premature death high blood pressure
On average, middle-aged adults tend to ______.
gain weight
Many experts conclude that in middle adulthood
gains and losses balance each other.
Because of _____, the workforce today is sometimes outsourced to other countries with a significantly less expensive labor force.
globalization
In midlife, sensitivity to ______ pitches usually declines first.
high
HRT, which was once routinely prescribed to treat some side effects of menopause, stands for _______________ _______________ ____________ . (Watch your spelling!)
hormone, replacement, theropy
Research has recently identified that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been found to ______. (Select all that apply.)
improve muscle strength improve bone health improve sexual functioning
Research has recently identified that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been found to ______. (Select all that apply.)
improve muscle strength improve bone health reduce the risk of stroke
When is making meaning out of life particularly helpful?
in times of stress in times of loss
During middle age, cardiovascular disease ______.
increases considerably
According to Horn, crystallized intelligence ______ in middle adulthood and fluid intelligence _______.
increases; decreases
According to Frankl, which of the following adds meaning to life?
inevitable death
What are the most common sexual problems cited by women in middle to late adulthood?
insufficient lubrication lack of interest
Today, middle age is starting ______ and lasting ______ for increasing numbers of individuals.
later; longer
One of the top six regrets among U.S. adults was not engaging in more ______.
leisure
Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is referred to as ______.
sarcopenia
The most visible signs of aging in middle adulthood involve ______.
physical changes
Researchers are increasingly studying whether developing a sense of meaning in life is linked to _______ developmental outcomes.
positive
The age distribution of the population in the past best resembled a ______ because the largest percentage of the population was made up of children.
pyramid
In order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT ______.
relying exclusively on recent experiences
In the latter part of middle age, ______ memory capacity becomes more limited.
working
The mental "workbench" where people organize information, solve problems, and comprehend language is known as ____________ memory.
working
A consistent finding is that as adults become older their age identity, or self-perception of age, is ______ their chronological age.
younger than
