Metabolism pt 2

compare veins to arteries

- veins have valves to prevent backflow - veins have a thick tunica externa & a thinner tunica interna - hold the most blood at rest @ 64%

Name three factors that impact BP

CO, Blood volume, & resistance

Lipid digestion:​

Lingual lipase: produced by the lingual glands in oral cavity, chemical digestion doesn't happen until the stomach.​ Gastric lipase: produced by chief cells in the stomach and will work with lingual lipase to digest triglycerides.​

venous anastomosis

Most common, one vein empties directly into another & to avoid vein blockage & is less serious than arterial blockage

Which of the following is a feature that both the stomach and the small intestine have in common?

Mucus-secreting cells

What isn't allowed to pass through the glomerulus ?

RBC, thrombocytes, plasma proteins, etc.

Carbohydrate digestion:​

Salivary amylase: produced by the salivary glands

Why is the colon referred to as the large intestine?

The diameter of the colon is larger than that of the small intestine.

which layer is responsible for controlling BP

Tunica media

ileum

absorbs vitamins & attaches to the large intestine

Pepsin:

active form of pepsinogen produced by the chief cells and activated by hydrochloric acid produced by the parietal cells. Pepsin will begin the process of denaturing proteins into amino acids.​

Proteins hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________

amino acids

arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)

artery flows directly into vein by passing capillaries

portal system

blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

veins & venules are considered?

blood reservoirs

hydrolyzed

broken down

Disaccharides are an example of which of the following macromolecules?

carbohydrate

Name three factors that affect and increase BP

cardiac output, blood volume, resistance to flow

The thought, smell, or sight of food will trigger gastric secretion and motility:

cephalic phase

Lymph nodes main two functions are?

cleanse the lymph & act as an activation site of B & T- cells

elastic arteries are known as the

conducting arteries also as pressure reservoirs

List hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

corticosteroids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, & androgens

Anemia _____________ blood viscosity

decreases

muscular arteries

distributing arteries

The ___________ is a mixed gland with endocrine & exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes

duodenum

What is known as the pressure reservoir

elastic arteries

The ______________ anal sphincter is under voluntary control and made of _________________ muscle.

external & skeletal

spleen function

filters blood

fenestrated capillaries

found in kidneys, small intestine, & endocrine system

continous capillary

found in skin, muscle, & lungs

Stretch and chemoreceptors in the stomach are activated, triggering gastric secretions to release:

gastric phase

What is the function of the tonsils?

guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens

Lymphatic System functions

immunity by clearing excess fluids up foreign cells, formation of lymph fluid, & transporting lipids by lacteals

increased venous return will result increase/ decrease blood pressure

increase blood pressure

Increased viscosity of blood equals

increased resistance

polycythemia increases or decreases blood viscosity

increases

The ________________ anal sphincter is under involuntary control & made of _________________ muscle.

internal & smooth

CCK and Secretin will activate the enterogastric reflex, suppressing stomach motility:

intestinal phase

Emulsification

is the process that facilitates lipid digestion by increasing surface area & giving polarity to fats.

The spleen is considered the _________________ lymphatic organ

largest

Lipids are broken down by

lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase, & bile salts

sinusoid capillaries

liver, bone marrow, spleen

The accessory organs include

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

jejunum

majority of digestion & absorption happens here, found in upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity

The act of protein digestion begins with ____________________ digestion in the mouth

mechanical

diastolic pressure

minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats

Fats hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________

monoglycerides & fatty acids

carbohydrates hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________

monosaccharides

List the layers of the GI tract

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Nucleic acid hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________

nucleotides

List the three tonsils

palatine, lingual, & pharyngeal tonsil

The ____________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas

systolic pressure

peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

pepsin

Proteins are broken down by

pepsin, trypsin, HCl, & Chymotrypsin

pepsin hydrolyzes ___________ bonds

peptide

What is the method of motility in the small intestine?

peristalsis & segmentation

red bone marrow function

produce red blood cells

Gastric lipase:

produced by chief cells in the stomach and will work with lingual lipase to digest triglycerides.​

Duodenum

receives chyme, pancreatic juice, & bile neutralizes acid, breakdown of lipids

Spleen's functions

recycle RBCs, white pulp monitors blood for pathogens, & maintains blood volumes through plasma transfers to lymphatic system

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is found in all the external sites exiting the body such as:

respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive tract

Carbohydrates are broken down by

salivary amylase & pancreatic amylase

Which of the following is mostly found in the liver and spleen and allows WBC to escape to tissues

sinusoid capillaries

Vascular resistance depends on

size of lumen, blood viscosity, total blood vessel length

arterial anastomosis are located in?

the brain, so that one blockage doesn't disrupt the flow

What connects the esophagus with the stomach?

the cardiac sphincter

anastomosis

the point where two blood vessels merge

Compared to arteries, veins have ____________ tunica interna and media and a _____________ tunica externa

thinner & thicker

Lymphatic system contains which organs?

thymus, spleen, RBM

In the small intestine ________________, ___________________, & _________________, continue the breakdown of proteins

trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carboxypeptidase

List the layers of blood vessels starting with the most outter most layer

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna

List the layers of veins & arteries

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

arterial anastomosis

two arteries merge, provide collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue, coronary circulation

Arteries/ Veins / Capillaries contain most of the blood

veins

What is known as blood reservoir

veins

What filters through the glomerulus?

water, electrolytes, glucose, A.A., fatty acids, vitamins, urea, uric acid, creatinine

thymus

where t cells mature