Metabolism pt 2
compare veins to arteries
- veins have valves to prevent backflow - veins have a thick tunica externa & a thinner tunica interna - hold the most blood at rest @ 64%
Name three factors that impact BP
CO, Blood volume, & resistance
Lipid digestion:
Lingual lipase: produced by the lingual glands in oral cavity, chemical digestion doesn't happen until the stomach. Gastric lipase: produced by chief cells in the stomach and will work with lingual lipase to digest triglycerides.
venous anastomosis
Most common, one vein empties directly into another & to avoid vein blockage & is less serious than arterial blockage
Which of the following is a feature that both the stomach and the small intestine have in common?
Mucus-secreting cells
What isn't allowed to pass through the glomerulus ?
RBC, thrombocytes, plasma proteins, etc.
Carbohydrate digestion:
Salivary amylase: produced by the salivary glands
Why is the colon referred to as the large intestine?
The diameter of the colon is larger than that of the small intestine.
which layer is responsible for controlling BP
Tunica media
ileum
absorbs vitamins & attaches to the large intestine
Pepsin:
active form of pepsinogen produced by the chief cells and activated by hydrochloric acid produced by the parietal cells. Pepsin will begin the process of denaturing proteins into amino acids.
Proteins hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________
amino acids
arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)
artery flows directly into vein by passing capillaries
portal system
blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart
veins & venules are considered?
blood reservoirs
hydrolyzed
broken down
Disaccharides are an example of which of the following macromolecules?
carbohydrate
Name three factors that affect and increase BP
cardiac output, blood volume, resistance to flow
The thought, smell, or sight of food will trigger gastric secretion and motility:
cephalic phase
Lymph nodes main two functions are?
cleanse the lymph & act as an activation site of B & T- cells
elastic arteries are known as the
conducting arteries also as pressure reservoirs
List hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, & androgens
Anemia _____________ blood viscosity
decreases
muscular arteries
distributing arteries
The ___________ is a mixed gland with endocrine & exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes
duodenum
What is known as the pressure reservoir
elastic arteries
The ______________ anal sphincter is under voluntary control and made of _________________ muscle.
external & skeletal
spleen function
filters blood
fenestrated capillaries
found in kidneys, small intestine, & endocrine system
continous capillary
found in skin, muscle, & lungs
Stretch and chemoreceptors in the stomach are activated, triggering gastric secretions to release:
gastric phase
What is the function of the tonsils?
guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens
Lymphatic System functions
immunity by clearing excess fluids up foreign cells, formation of lymph fluid, & transporting lipids by lacteals
increased venous return will result increase/ decrease blood pressure
increase blood pressure
Increased viscosity of blood equals
increased resistance
polycythemia increases or decreases blood viscosity
increases
The ________________ anal sphincter is under involuntary control & made of _________________ muscle.
internal & smooth
CCK and Secretin will activate the enterogastric reflex, suppressing stomach motility:
intestinal phase
Emulsification
is the process that facilitates lipid digestion by increasing surface area & giving polarity to fats.
The spleen is considered the _________________ lymphatic organ
largest
Lipids are broken down by
lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase, & bile salts
sinusoid capillaries
liver, bone marrow, spleen
The accessory organs include
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
jejunum
majority of digestion & absorption happens here, found in upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
The act of protein digestion begins with ____________________ digestion in the mouth
mechanical
diastolic pressure
minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
Fats hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________
monoglycerides & fatty acids
carbohydrates hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________
monosaccharides
List the layers of the GI tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Nucleic acid hydrolysis reaction would be changed into ____________________
nucleotides
List the three tonsils
palatine, lingual, & pharyngeal tonsil
The ____________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
pancreas
systolic pressure
peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
pepsin
Proteins are broken down by
pepsin, trypsin, HCl, & Chymotrypsin
pepsin hydrolyzes ___________ bonds
peptide
What is the method of motility in the small intestine?
peristalsis & segmentation
red bone marrow function
produce red blood cells
Gastric lipase:
produced by chief cells in the stomach and will work with lingual lipase to digest triglycerides.
Duodenum
receives chyme, pancreatic juice, & bile neutralizes acid, breakdown of lipids
Spleen's functions
recycle RBCs, white pulp monitors blood for pathogens, & maintains blood volumes through plasma transfers to lymphatic system
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is found in all the external sites exiting the body such as:
respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive tract
Carbohydrates are broken down by
salivary amylase & pancreatic amylase
Which of the following is mostly found in the liver and spleen and allows WBC to escape to tissues
sinusoid capillaries
Vascular resistance depends on
size of lumen, blood viscosity, total blood vessel length
arterial anastomosis are located in?
the brain, so that one blockage doesn't disrupt the flow
What connects the esophagus with the stomach?
the cardiac sphincter
anastomosis
the point where two blood vessels merge
Compared to arteries, veins have ____________ tunica interna and media and a _____________ tunica externa
thinner & thicker
Lymphatic system contains which organs?
thymus, spleen, RBM
In the small intestine ________________, ___________________, & _________________, continue the breakdown of proteins
trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carboxypeptidase
List the layers of blood vessels starting with the most outter most layer
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna
List the layers of veins & arteries
tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
arterial anastomosis
two arteries merge, provide collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue, coronary circulation
Arteries/ Veins / Capillaries contain most of the blood
veins
What is known as blood reservoir
veins
What filters through the glomerulus?
water, electrolytes, glucose, A.A., fatty acids, vitamins, urea, uric acid, creatinine
thymus
where t cells mature