Chapter 13- Health Psych

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Hostility predicts high levels of _____, an indicator of inflammation, when coupled with anger and depression.

C-reactive protein

Identify the leading killer of women in the United States.

Coronary heart disease

___ ___ ___is a general term that refers to illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply blood to the heart.

Coronary heart disease

Which of the following is characterized by suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, and distrust of others?

Cynical hostility

_____ is a chief risk factor for rehospitalization following cardiac surgery.

Depression

According to Gallo, Troxel, Matthews, et al. (2003), which of the following enhances risk for coronary artery disease in women?

Employment as a clerical worker as opposed to a white-collar worker

Which of the following is linked with higher cardiovascular reactivity?

Expression of anger or hostility

Hostility can be reliably measured after the age of 25 and shows considerable stability among boys and girls.

False

True or false: People who are low in cynical hostility may have difficulty extracting social support from others, and they may fail to make effective use of available social support.

False

True or false: Research suggests that CHD risk factors for women are different from those for men.

False

True or false: The relation between hostile style and enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to stress is not as reliable for men as it is for women.

False

Which of the following conditions are misinterpreted as a heart attack by some people? (Check all that apply.)

Gastric distress Stress

Identify the factors that can lead to an elevated risk for coronary heart disease in people. (Check all that apply.)

Having little social support Being obese Being sedentary

Identify the cognitive-behavioral methods that are used to treat hypertension.

Hypnosis and meditation Biofeedback

An active and progressive process by which people with heart disease attain their optimal physical, medical, psychological, social, emotional, vocational,and economic status is known as _____.

cardiac rehabilitation

Early hostility is linked to early risk factors for _____.

cardiovascular disease

The concept of communion indicates a _____.

caring orientation toward others

Which of the following can result in a stroke?

cerebral hemorrhage

The _____ therapy used to treat depression has beneficial effects on the risk factors for advancing cardiac disease.

cognitive-behavioral

A focus on other people in relationships is known as _____.

communion

As an initial treatment for coronary heart diseases, some people undergo _____ to treat blockage of major arteries.

coronary artery bypass graft surgery

According to a research study, vital exhaustion may be a bodily expression of _____.

depression

All coronary heart disease patients need to be assessed for the possible occurrence of _____.

depression

An independent risk factor for coronary heart disease that appears to be environmentally rather than genetically based is _____.

depression

A history of _____ increases the delay before seeking treatment for a heart attack.

diabetes

Hypertension is most commonly treated through _____.

drugs

The reactivity of hostile people to stress occurs especially _____, which in turn increases their risk of coronary heart disease.

during episodes of interpersonal conflict

The cumulative effects of biological reactivity damages the endothelial cells that line the coronary vessels; this process _____.

enables lipids to deposit plaque, increasing inflammation and leading to the development of lesions

Women may be protected against early onset coronary disease by factors related to _____, which diminishes sympathetic nervous system arousal.

estrogen

Approximately 5 percent of the hypertension cases are caused due to _____.

failure of the kidneys to regulate blood pressure

In context of personality qualities that may be associated with health risks, research studies have focused on agency which is a(n) _____.

focus on the self

Agency, as a personal quality, has been associated with _____.

good physical and mental health outcomes

People who are often verbally aggressive and exhibit subtly antagonistic behavior are those who _____.

have negative beliefs about others

Hypertension is also known as ___ blood pressure.

high

Some of the risk factors that may lead to coronary heart disease include elevated levels of inflammation, _____.

high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes

The heightened risk for coronary heart disease among men relative to women is because men show _____.

higher hostility

According to a research study, nonsupportive and unacceptable family environments promote the development of _____ in sons.

hostility

A negative emotion like anger has been implicated in _____.

hypertension

The condition where the supply of blood through the vessels is excessive is known as _____.

hypertension

According to a study, treating patients for depression has helped reduce _____ in people with coronary heart disease.

inflammation

The most important way depression is linked to coronary heart disease progression and prognosis is through _____.

inflammation

Risk factors for heart disease are more common in individuals of _____, especially men, leading to an early development of cardiovascular disease.

low socioeconomic status

People who are more vulnerable to psychological distress are ______.

low-income Blacks

John Henryism is most likely to be seen among _____, increasing their risk for hypertension due to high cardiovascular reactivity to stress.

low-income blacks

Identifying people with ___ ___ can help physicians predict heart attacks.

metabolic syndrome

Match the different grades of hypertension (in the left column) to their corresponding systolic pressure values (in the right column). mild hypertension- moderate hypertension- severe hypertension-

mild hypertension- 140-159 moderate hypertension- 160-179 severe hypertension- >180

Cognitive-behavioral methods of intervention appear to be successful in treating _____.

mild or borderline hypertensives

People who exhibit cynical hostility have _____.

more conflict with others

The underlying philosophy of cardiac rehabilitation is to _____.

reduce the likelihood of a repeat myocardial infarction

Unmitigated communion is exhibited by a _____.

self-sacrificing individual

Typically, depression can be treated using _____, which helps reduce clot formation by preventing platelet aggregation in the arteries.

serotonin reuptake inhibitors

With reference to cardiac invalidism, spouses of heart attack victims often show _____ distress over the patient's survival.

severe

Hypertension is assessed by the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as measured by a _____.

sphygmomanometer

Knowledge of heart disease in women is limited because _____.

studies of risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis, and rehabilitation have focused heavily on men instead

Acute stress involving emotional pressure, extreme excitement, and sudden bursts of activity can precipitate _____.

sudden clinical events such as angina, a heart attack, or death

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are drugs that resist the effects of Blank______ stimulation.

sympathetic nervous system

One-third of the U. S. adults are not aware if they have hypertension because _____.

there are no symptoms

True or false: Blood pressure reactivity in childhood and adolescence predicts later development of hypertension.

true

True or false: Deep breathing and imagery are often used to reduce blood pressure via the induction of a state of low arousal.

true

True or false: Suppression of anger increases the risk for coronary heart disease among women.

true

Chronically searching the environment for potential threats has been associated with risk factors for heart disease and is known as _____.

vigilant coping

A mental state related to cardiovascular disease and characterized by extreme fatigue, feelings of being dejected or defeated, and enhanced irritability is known as _____.

vital exhaustion

Women's risk of coronary heart disease can increase due to _____.

weight gain, increase in blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol and triglycerides

Which of the following are risk factors that can affect coronary heart disease?

Behavioral factors like cigarette smoking, obesity, and less exercise

How does aspirin provide immediate benefit for stroke patients?

By preventing coagulation

What percentage of hypertension is essential or of unknown origin?

90 percent

_____ increases the risk of heart disease, predicts poor likelihood of survival, and acts as a potential trigger for heart attacks.

Anger

Which of the following factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease among women? (Check all that apply.)

Anxiety Hostility

Identify the conditions where blood flow to localized areas of the brain is interrupted leading to a stroke. (Check all that apply.)

Arteriosclerosis Hypertension

What are the reasons for hostile behavior in people? (Check all that apply.)

Insecurity about oneself Negative feelings toward others

What is the function of aspirin as a drug to treat MI patients?

It helps prevent blood clots by blocking one of the enzymes that causes platelet aggregation.

How does chronic stress affect low-income blacks biologically?

It may interfere with sympathetic nervous system recovery in response to stress.

What is the advantage of using cognitive-behavioral interventions to treat hypertension?

It may reduce drug requirements.

___ ___ refers to a personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial stressors.

John Henryism

Hypertension is a risk factor for which of the following disorders? (Check all that apply.)

Kidney failure Heart disease

Identify the conditions that decrease the likelihood of women developing a heart disease. (Check all that apply.)

Low body fat Low cholesterol

In the context of stress, identify the true statements about coronary heart disease (CHD). (Check all that apply.)

Low social status is implicated in the development and course of CHD. Risk factors for heart disease are more common in individuals low in socioeconomic status (SES) than others.

According to Janicki-Deverts, Cohen, Matthews, and Jacobs (2012), which of the following is associated with greater risk for early-stage atherosclerosis in women?

Low socioeconomic status (SES)

_____ substantially increases a woman's risk of coronary heart disease.

Menopause

Identify the issues that a person must have in order to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. (Check all that apply.)

Obesity around the waist Inability to metabolize blood sugar High blood pressure and triglycerides

Identify the groups of people for whom the delay is longer than others before seeking treatment for a heart attack. (Check all that apply.)

Older patients African Americans

___ ___is a consequence of myocardial infarction where patients and their spouses see the patient's abilities as lower than they actually are

cardiac invalidism

Which of the following child rearing practices foster hostility? (Check all that apply.)

Parental interference Lack of acceptance

What is the outcome for an individual exhibiting unmitigated communion?

Poor mental and physical health

Match the age groups (in the left column) with the descriptions based on the relationship between gender and risk to develop hypertension (in the right column). Prior to age 45- From age 55 to 64- After age 65-

Prior to age 45- Males are at greater risk to develop hypertension than females. From age 55 to 64-Men and women in the United States face a similar chance of developing hypertension. After age 65-A higher percentage of women have hypertension than men.

_____ leads to the development and increase in the likelihood of coronary heart disease.

Stress and its interaction with genetically based weaknesses

Match the types of blood pressure that are used to assess hypertension (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Systolic blood pressure- Diastolic blood pressure-

Systolic blood pressure- The greatest force developed during contraction of the heart's ventricles Diastolic blood pressure-The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed

Which parameter is used to diagnose hypertension?

Systolic pressure

What is the reason for high rates of disability and mortality following heart attacks?

There is a delay of several hours or even days before seeking treatment.

Which of the following statements suggests that the physiological reactivity of hostile people is greater initially and also last longer?

They exhibit a weak antagonistic response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.

Why do hostile people have a heightened risk for coronary heart disease?

They have less social support.

True or false: A composite of depression, anxiety, hostility, and anger may predict CHD better than each factor in isolation.

True

True or false: People who experience high levels of demands coupled with low levels of control both in and outside the workplace are at higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) than others.

True

Which of the following is recommended for patients suffering from hypertension?

Weight reduction

Coronary heart disease causes the blood vessels to narrow and this leads to temporary shortage of oxygen and nourishment to the heart. This causes _____.

a pain called angina pectoris and severe cases of deprivation lead to a heart attack

After a heart attack, many patients experience _____, which predicts complications like reinfarction and recurrent ischemia during the hospital phase.

anxiety

Which of the following drugs is most commonly prescribed for people recovering from or at risk for heart attacks?

aspirin

Medication, an important component of cardiac rehabilitation, involves self-administration of ______.

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

The increase and decrease of physiological activity that accompanies stress and contributes to the development of coronary heart disease is known as _____.

biological reactivity

Estrogen protects against early onset of coronary disease and premenopausal women show smaller increases in _____.

blood pressure, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses to stress than do men and older women


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