Chapter 13- Health Psych
Hostility predicts high levels of _____, an indicator of inflammation, when coupled with anger and depression.
C-reactive protein
Identify the leading killer of women in the United States.
Coronary heart disease
___ ___ ___is a general term that refers to illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply blood to the heart.
Coronary heart disease
Which of the following is characterized by suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, and distrust of others?
Cynical hostility
_____ is a chief risk factor for rehospitalization following cardiac surgery.
Depression
According to Gallo, Troxel, Matthews, et al. (2003), which of the following enhances risk for coronary artery disease in women?
Employment as a clerical worker as opposed to a white-collar worker
Which of the following is linked with higher cardiovascular reactivity?
Expression of anger or hostility
Hostility can be reliably measured after the age of 25 and shows considerable stability among boys and girls.
False
True or false: People who are low in cynical hostility may have difficulty extracting social support from others, and they may fail to make effective use of available social support.
False
True or false: Research suggests that CHD risk factors for women are different from those for men.
False
True or false: The relation between hostile style and enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to stress is not as reliable for men as it is for women.
False
Which of the following conditions are misinterpreted as a heart attack by some people? (Check all that apply.)
Gastric distress Stress
Identify the factors that can lead to an elevated risk for coronary heart disease in people. (Check all that apply.)
Having little social support Being obese Being sedentary
Identify the cognitive-behavioral methods that are used to treat hypertension.
Hypnosis and meditation Biofeedback
An active and progressive process by which people with heart disease attain their optimal physical, medical, psychological, social, emotional, vocational,and economic status is known as _____.
cardiac rehabilitation
Early hostility is linked to early risk factors for _____.
cardiovascular disease
The concept of communion indicates a _____.
caring orientation toward others
Which of the following can result in a stroke?
cerebral hemorrhage
The _____ therapy used to treat depression has beneficial effects on the risk factors for advancing cardiac disease.
cognitive-behavioral
A focus on other people in relationships is known as _____.
communion
As an initial treatment for coronary heart diseases, some people undergo _____ to treat blockage of major arteries.
coronary artery bypass graft surgery
According to a research study, vital exhaustion may be a bodily expression of _____.
depression
All coronary heart disease patients need to be assessed for the possible occurrence of _____.
depression
An independent risk factor for coronary heart disease that appears to be environmentally rather than genetically based is _____.
depression
A history of _____ increases the delay before seeking treatment for a heart attack.
diabetes
Hypertension is most commonly treated through _____.
drugs
The reactivity of hostile people to stress occurs especially _____, which in turn increases their risk of coronary heart disease.
during episodes of interpersonal conflict
The cumulative effects of biological reactivity damages the endothelial cells that line the coronary vessels; this process _____.
enables lipids to deposit plaque, increasing inflammation and leading to the development of lesions
Women may be protected against early onset coronary disease by factors related to _____, which diminishes sympathetic nervous system arousal.
estrogen
Approximately 5 percent of the hypertension cases are caused due to _____.
failure of the kidneys to regulate blood pressure
In context of personality qualities that may be associated with health risks, research studies have focused on agency which is a(n) _____.
focus on the self
Agency, as a personal quality, has been associated with _____.
good physical and mental health outcomes
People who are often verbally aggressive and exhibit subtly antagonistic behavior are those who _____.
have negative beliefs about others
Hypertension is also known as ___ blood pressure.
high
Some of the risk factors that may lead to coronary heart disease include elevated levels of inflammation, _____.
high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes
The heightened risk for coronary heart disease among men relative to women is because men show _____.
higher hostility
According to a research study, nonsupportive and unacceptable family environments promote the development of _____ in sons.
hostility
A negative emotion like anger has been implicated in _____.
hypertension
The condition where the supply of blood through the vessels is excessive is known as _____.
hypertension
According to a study, treating patients for depression has helped reduce _____ in people with coronary heart disease.
inflammation
The most important way depression is linked to coronary heart disease progression and prognosis is through _____.
inflammation
Risk factors for heart disease are more common in individuals of _____, especially men, leading to an early development of cardiovascular disease.
low socioeconomic status
People who are more vulnerable to psychological distress are ______.
low-income Blacks
John Henryism is most likely to be seen among _____, increasing their risk for hypertension due to high cardiovascular reactivity to stress.
low-income blacks
Identifying people with ___ ___ can help physicians predict heart attacks.
metabolic syndrome
Match the different grades of hypertension (in the left column) to their corresponding systolic pressure values (in the right column). mild hypertension- moderate hypertension- severe hypertension-
mild hypertension- 140-159 moderate hypertension- 160-179 severe hypertension- >180
Cognitive-behavioral methods of intervention appear to be successful in treating _____.
mild or borderline hypertensives
People who exhibit cynical hostility have _____.
more conflict with others
The underlying philosophy of cardiac rehabilitation is to _____.
reduce the likelihood of a repeat myocardial infarction
Unmitigated communion is exhibited by a _____.
self-sacrificing individual
Typically, depression can be treated using _____, which helps reduce clot formation by preventing platelet aggregation in the arteries.
serotonin reuptake inhibitors
With reference to cardiac invalidism, spouses of heart attack victims often show _____ distress over the patient's survival.
severe
Hypertension is assessed by the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as measured by a _____.
sphygmomanometer
Knowledge of heart disease in women is limited because _____.
studies of risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis, and rehabilitation have focused heavily on men instead
Acute stress involving emotional pressure, extreme excitement, and sudden bursts of activity can precipitate _____.
sudden clinical events such as angina, a heart attack, or death
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are drugs that resist the effects of Blank______ stimulation.
sympathetic nervous system
One-third of the U. S. adults are not aware if they have hypertension because _____.
there are no symptoms
True or false: Blood pressure reactivity in childhood and adolescence predicts later development of hypertension.
true
True or false: Deep breathing and imagery are often used to reduce blood pressure via the induction of a state of low arousal.
true
True or false: Suppression of anger increases the risk for coronary heart disease among women.
true
Chronically searching the environment for potential threats has been associated with risk factors for heart disease and is known as _____.
vigilant coping
A mental state related to cardiovascular disease and characterized by extreme fatigue, feelings of being dejected or defeated, and enhanced irritability is known as _____.
vital exhaustion
Women's risk of coronary heart disease can increase due to _____.
weight gain, increase in blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol and triglycerides
Which of the following are risk factors that can affect coronary heart disease?
Behavioral factors like cigarette smoking, obesity, and less exercise
How does aspirin provide immediate benefit for stroke patients?
By preventing coagulation
What percentage of hypertension is essential or of unknown origin?
90 percent
_____ increases the risk of heart disease, predicts poor likelihood of survival, and acts as a potential trigger for heart attacks.
Anger
Which of the following factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease among women? (Check all that apply.)
Anxiety Hostility
Identify the conditions where blood flow to localized areas of the brain is interrupted leading to a stroke. (Check all that apply.)
Arteriosclerosis Hypertension
What are the reasons for hostile behavior in people? (Check all that apply.)
Insecurity about oneself Negative feelings toward others
What is the function of aspirin as a drug to treat MI patients?
It helps prevent blood clots by blocking one of the enzymes that causes platelet aggregation.
How does chronic stress affect low-income blacks biologically?
It may interfere with sympathetic nervous system recovery in response to stress.
What is the advantage of using cognitive-behavioral interventions to treat hypertension?
It may reduce drug requirements.
___ ___ refers to a personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial stressors.
John Henryism
Hypertension is a risk factor for which of the following disorders? (Check all that apply.)
Kidney failure Heart disease
Identify the conditions that decrease the likelihood of women developing a heart disease. (Check all that apply.)
Low body fat Low cholesterol
In the context of stress, identify the true statements about coronary heart disease (CHD). (Check all that apply.)
Low social status is implicated in the development and course of CHD. Risk factors for heart disease are more common in individuals low in socioeconomic status (SES) than others.
According to Janicki-Deverts, Cohen, Matthews, and Jacobs (2012), which of the following is associated with greater risk for early-stage atherosclerosis in women?
Low socioeconomic status (SES)
_____ substantially increases a woman's risk of coronary heart disease.
Menopause
Identify the issues that a person must have in order to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. (Check all that apply.)
Obesity around the waist Inability to metabolize blood sugar High blood pressure and triglycerides
Identify the groups of people for whom the delay is longer than others before seeking treatment for a heart attack. (Check all that apply.)
Older patients African Americans
___ ___is a consequence of myocardial infarction where patients and their spouses see the patient's abilities as lower than they actually are
cardiac invalidism
Which of the following child rearing practices foster hostility? (Check all that apply.)
Parental interference Lack of acceptance
What is the outcome for an individual exhibiting unmitigated communion?
Poor mental and physical health
Match the age groups (in the left column) with the descriptions based on the relationship between gender and risk to develop hypertension (in the right column). Prior to age 45- From age 55 to 64- After age 65-
Prior to age 45- Males are at greater risk to develop hypertension than females. From age 55 to 64-Men and women in the United States face a similar chance of developing hypertension. After age 65-A higher percentage of women have hypertension than men.
_____ leads to the development and increase in the likelihood of coronary heart disease.
Stress and its interaction with genetically based weaknesses
Match the types of blood pressure that are used to assess hypertension (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Systolic blood pressure- Diastolic blood pressure-
Systolic blood pressure- The greatest force developed during contraction of the heart's ventricles Diastolic blood pressure-The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed
Which parameter is used to diagnose hypertension?
Systolic pressure
What is the reason for high rates of disability and mortality following heart attacks?
There is a delay of several hours or even days before seeking treatment.
Which of the following statements suggests that the physiological reactivity of hostile people is greater initially and also last longer?
They exhibit a weak antagonistic response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.
Why do hostile people have a heightened risk for coronary heart disease?
They have less social support.
True or false: A composite of depression, anxiety, hostility, and anger may predict CHD better than each factor in isolation.
True
True or false: People who experience high levels of demands coupled with low levels of control both in and outside the workplace are at higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) than others.
True
Which of the following is recommended for patients suffering from hypertension?
Weight reduction
Coronary heart disease causes the blood vessels to narrow and this leads to temporary shortage of oxygen and nourishment to the heart. This causes _____.
a pain called angina pectoris and severe cases of deprivation lead to a heart attack
After a heart attack, many patients experience _____, which predicts complications like reinfarction and recurrent ischemia during the hospital phase.
anxiety
Which of the following drugs is most commonly prescribed for people recovering from or at risk for heart attacks?
aspirin
Medication, an important component of cardiac rehabilitation, involves self-administration of ______.
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
The increase and decrease of physiological activity that accompanies stress and contributes to the development of coronary heart disease is known as _____.
biological reactivity
Estrogen protects against early onset of coronary disease and premenopausal women show smaller increases in _____.
blood pressure, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses to stress than do men and older women
