Chapter 13. Infant Feeding

What is an appropriate range of fat intake for children? Match each stage of childhood to the appropriate fat reccomendation

1-3 years: 30-40% of total calories 4-18 years: 25-35% of total calories

Place in correct order the best progression for introducing new foods to an infant

1. rice cereal 2. strained carrots 3. oat cereal 4. strained chicken

What are the protein needs for older infants?

11 grams per day

What are the recommended fluid needs of infants?

3 cups/day

Infants need about ____ grams of fat per day

30

For infants between 6 months and 6 years of age, what does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for fruit juice consumption?

4 to 6 fluid ounces per day

Most infants do not need solid foods added to their diets until they reach about ___ months of age

6

After introducing a new solid food to the infant's diet, how long should one wait before introducing a second food?

About 7 days

At which age should the child's growth be tracking consistently along an established percentile?

Age 3

What are some signs that indicate the infant's readiness to consume solid foods?

Consuming more than 32 ounces of infant formula per 24 hours Reaching a weight of at least 13 Breastfeeding more than 8-10 times per 24 hours

Supplemental vitamin ____ is necessary for all breastfed infants, as well as for formula-fed infants who consume less than 1 quart of formula per day

D

Supplemental vitamin _____ should be discontinued when dietary sources provide at least 4000 IU per day

D K

Which of the following situations may be classified as failure to thrive? Select all that apply

Declining two or more percentile lines over time Weight-for-age below the 5th percentile

Which of the following are true statements about the protein in human milk? Select all that apply.

Easily digested Promotes immune system development

Childhood is an important time to establish behaviors such as

Eating in response to hunger cues Engaging in physical activity during leisure time Making nutrient-dense food choices

Which statement is true about the development of healthful eating habits, regular physical activity, and the life span?

Establishing healthful eating habits and regular physical activity at a young age will most likely carry over into adulthood

What is a possible consequence of using well water for formula prepparation?

Excessive nitrates in the water may lead to a severe form of anemia

What are some examples of inappropriate feeding practices for infants

Failure to drink from a cup by 1 year of age Feeding the infant vitamin and mineral supplement exceeding 100% of the recommendations Feeding the infant excessive amounts of fruit juice, especially replacing formula or human milk with juice

Which statement are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?

Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities

Which statements are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?

Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities

Which of the following macronutrient is most important for the development of the infant's nervous system?

Fats

Why is the use of fluoridated bottle water not recommended by the American Dental Association?

Fluoridated water creates the risk of enamel fluorosis during development prior to eruption from the gums

Which statements are true about fluoride supplementation during infancy?

Formula-fed infants should receive supplementation after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate Breastfed infants may need supplementation of fluoride after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate

Which of the following are true about offering fruit juice to infants

Fruit juice intake should be limited to 4 to 6 fluid ounces per day Juice should be offered in a cup instead of a bottle

Which of the following are true about offering fruit juice to infants?

Fruit juice intake should be limited to 4 to 6 fluid ounces per day Juice should be offered in a cup instead of a bottle

Which statement is true about when females reach their peak growth rate?

Girls experience peak growth rate just before the onset of menses

What are some strategies that may be used to prevent the onset of early childhood caries?

Have the infant drink from a cup rather than a bottle Do not put the infant in an infant seat with a bottle propped up Do not put the infant to bed with a bottle

Compared to iron-fortified infant formula,

Human milk is lower in iron The iron in human milk is more bioavailable

Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life

Human milk or infant formula

Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life?

Human milk or infant formula

What are the main consequences of failure to thrive?

Impaired mental development Behavioral problems Poor physical growth

What are some health consequences experienced later in life that are associated with iron deficiency anemia during infancy?

Impaired motor development Impaired Cognition Behavorial problems

Which of these statements is true?

Infants are born with some iron stored; however by 4-6 months these iron stores will be depleted unless consumed in the diet

Why are infants unable to tolerate cow's milk?

Infants are unable to tolerate the high mineral and protein content of cow's milk

Why do infants require more energy per pound body weight than both young and older adults?

Infants require more energy per pound body weight in order to support their rapid pace of growth and development

Which statements are true in terms of the nutritional needs of an infant during development?

Iron stores are exhausted at around 6 months, so infants need to begin consuming iron-fortified solid foods Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for both breastfed and formula-fed infants if vitamin D intake is less than 400 IU per day Before 6 months of age, breastfeeding or formula feeding can meet the nutritional needs of an infant

Evidence suggests that breastfeeding helps an infant learn to self-regulate food intake- to eat only when hungry and to stop eating when full. This could contribute to

Lower risk for cardiovascular diseases Lower risk for type 2 diabetes Lower risk for obesity

What are some examples of factors that lead to poor infant-parent interactions resulting in failure to thrive?

Misinformation Little concern about child welfare Lack of parent role model Force feeding

What are the main dietary recommendations for infant diets set by the American Academy of Pediatrics?

Pay attention to infant satiety cues Avoid excessive fiber Do not restrict fat intake Moderate sugar and sodium intake Build to a variety of foods Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium

_______ provide(s) about 10% if the total calories in human milk.

Protein

What are some negative health implications of restricting caloric intake during infancy?

Restricted growth of organ systems Restriction of brain and nervous system development

What is the basis of serving size quantities for infant food labels?

Serving sizes are based on the average amount of food eaten in one sitting by a child under the age of 2 years

Calorie restriction during infancy could result in

Slow organ growth Poor nervous system development Stunting of growth

What are the three physical markers that indicate a child is ready for solid foods?

The acquisition of head and neck control The disappearance of the extrusion reflex The ability to sit up with support

Why do infants have such high caloric needs?

The calorie needs of infants are high due to their rapid growth and high metabolic rates

Why is it important that a caregiver responds and pays attention to an infant's satiety cues?

The caregiver can be assured that calorie needs are being met The caregiver will foster a climate of trust and responsiveness

If a child was in the 90th percentile for height-for-age according to the growth charts, how may one interpret these results?

The child is shorter than 10% of children his age, and taller than 89%

If well water is the only available resource to prepare infant formula for very young infants,

The water should be boiled prior to preparation The water should be tested for contaminants

What is the extrusion reflex?

Thrusting the tongue forward and pushing food out of the mouth

What are some common cues from infants that signal satiety?

Turning head away Falling asleep Becoming Playful Inattentiveness

When does a food allergy occur?

When immune bodies produced by the body react with a protein from food the body senses as foreign

Pair the correct health organization with the basis of development for their growth charts

World Health Organization (WHO): Data were collected from various regions of the world; the children were raised under optimal conditions for growth and development National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS): Data were collected primarily from Caucasian children who were mostly formula-fed during infancy

What is most important for children to consume for proper growth?

Zinc Protein Calories Iron Calcium

A food ____ occurs when the body's immune response targets a food protein

allergy

About half of the total protein intake for infants should come from essential ______ ________.

amino acids

About 10 minutes after infant feeding begins, the caregiver should _______ the baby

burp

Hot dogs, grapes, whole nuts, and popcorn should not be fed to infants because they

can cause choking

Foods that are round, compressible, and small in diameter ______ hazards for young children.

choking

It is possible for the infant to become easily_____ if adequate amounts of fluid are not consumed or illness occurs

dehydrated

Dry mouth and lips, and absence of tears when crying are early signs of _______ in infants

dehydration

Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants have lower rates of

diarrheal diseases food allergies ear infections

Low-iron infant formulas are strongly _____

discouraged

After 6 months of age ______ can be offered in a sippy cup with a wide, flat bottom

expressed breast milk water formula

________ account(s) for about 55% of the total calories in human milk

fat

At which stage in the life cycles does one begin developing attitudes toward foods and the eating process?

infancy

Brain development is most rapid during

infancy

Per kilogram of body weight, _____ need 2-4 times more calories than _____.

infants; adults

_____ -fortified formula is important to use for infant health

iron

The main carbohydrate in human milk is

lactose

Nutritional problems during infancy and childhood result in ____ adverse health effects

long-term

The two factors associated with the high calorie needs of the infant include rapid _____ and high ____ rate

metabolism metabolic

Failure to thrive can result from

nutrient malabsorption Inadequate nutritional intake parental neglect

It is important to minimize the types of ___ introduced to the infant's diet within the first 3 months in order to prevent the predisposition for future allergies

proteins

Early childhood caries are likely to result from

putting a baby to bed with a bottle of milk

After ____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense food will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs

six

After _____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense foods will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs and iron needs

six

Caregivers should avoid giving infants heavily-seasoned and processed foods due to the increased _____ content of these foods

sodium

When an infant begins to act disinterested in a bottle that is still half full, the caregiver should

stop feeding the infant

If a six-month-old infant loses interest in eating halfway through a bottle and begins looking around the room, the caregiver should

stop feeding the infant and discard the leftover formula

Initially, the introduction of "table food" should _____ formula or human milk in the infant's diet

supplement

_______ is a term used to describe dietary intake that is not enough to meet one's nutritional needs over a lengthy period of time

undernutrition

Match the following BMI-for age percentiles to an appropriate weight status classification

underweight: <5th percentile Healthy weight: 5th up to 85th percentile Overweight: 85th up to 95th percentile Obese: >/= 95th percentile

Pair the vitamin with the appropriate classification for supplementation.

vitamin K injection: given to all infants at birth vitamin D supplementation: given to breastfed and formula-fed infants until intake of formula or solid foods provides adequate amounts Vitamin B-12 supplementation: Given to breastfed infants whose mothers are vagina

When a child's growth does not track consistently along the same percentile on the ____-for-age chart over time, this may be an indication for potential medical or nutritional problems

weight

The best indicators of a child's nutritional status are gains in _____ in the short run and gains in ____ in the long run.

weight length

After reintroduction of a suspected problem food to the infant's diet, if food intolerance persists, the caregiver should

consult a physician

Because of its high mineral content and low fat content, low-fat and fat-free cow's milk should not be fed to infants until they are ___ year(s) of age

2

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants and children should recieve _______ IU of supplemental vitamin D until intake of vitamin D from food sources reaches this level

400

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that solid foods not be introduced until about ___ months

6

Pair the appropriate age with the self-feeding development that occurs at that time

6-7 Months: The infant has learned to handle finger foods and transfer objects from one hand to the other. 7-8 Months: The infant is able to push food around on a plate, play with a drinking cup, hold a bottle, and self-feed a cracker or piece of toast 9-10 Months: The infant's desire to play and explore foods may hinder feeding. Feeding is very messy during this time.

What are the carbohydrate needs for infants at 7-12 months?

95 grams per day

What are some factors necessary for infants or young children to thrive?

A sense of security A stimulating environment Specific attention focused on them

Pair the dietary practices that should be avoided during infancy with their appropriate reasoning

Avoid feeding the infant honey: This practice may lead to the development of botulism Avoid feeding the older infant excessive infant formula or human milk: This practice may lead to the development of anemia Avoid feeding the infant foods such as candy, whole nuts, grapes, and coarsely cut meats: These foods, and foods like this, are considered choking hazards Avoid feeding the infant cow's milk: This practice may overwhelm the kidneys due to the high mineral content of the food

Pair the life stage with the correct method one would use to assess growth and development.

Birth to 36 months: Weight-for-age; length-for-age; weight-for-length; circumference-for-age 2 to 20 year olds: weight-for-age; height-for-age; BMI-for-age

_____ imparts greater immune benefits compared to _____

Breastfeeding; Formula feeding

Why is it important to wait about a week after introducing one solid food item to introduce another?

Development of a food allergy or intolerance may take up to 7 days to appear

Why do physicians measure head circumference?

Head circumference is an indicator of brain growth

Why is it important for caregivers to make sure that infants do not consume excessive fiber in their diets?

High-fiber foods are filling and often low in calories

If solid food is introduced prior to 6 months, what type of solid food should be introduced first?

Iron-fortified cereal

The American Academy of Pediatrics _____ recommend supplemental water or juice during the first 6 months

does not

An infant's birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday

doubles triples

Inexperience with infant feedings, too little or too much concern over child feedings, abuse or neglect, and poor infant-parent interaction are all possible causes of

failure to thrive

When infants are sick and suffering from diarrhea, vomiting, and/ or fever, it is necessary to provide supplemental _____

fluid

Fluoridated bottled water is not recommended for use by infants by the American Dental Association because it heightens the risk for ______

fluorosis

When an infant is experiencing symptoms such as diarrhea, wheezing, development of rash, this infant is most likely suffering from a(n) ________ ________.

food allergy

The body needs more food for ______ than it does for _____

growth; maintenance

Compared to adults, infants require more calories per kilogram of body weight because

they are rapidly growing they lose a great deal of energy as heat they have higher metabolic rates