Chapter 13. Infant Feeding
What is an appropriate range of fat intake for children? Match each stage of childhood to the appropriate fat reccomendation
1-3 years: 30-40% of total calories 4-18 years: 25-35% of total calories
Place in correct order the best progression for introducing new foods to an infant
1. rice cereal 2. strained carrots 3. oat cereal 4. strained chicken
What are the protein needs for older infants?
11 grams per day
What are the recommended fluid needs of infants?
3 cups/day
Infants need about ____ grams of fat per day
30
For infants between 6 months and 6 years of age, what does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for fruit juice consumption?
4 to 6 fluid ounces per day
Most infants do not need solid foods added to their diets until they reach about ___ months of age
6
After introducing a new solid food to the infant's diet, how long should one wait before introducing a second food?
About 7 days
At which age should the child's growth be tracking consistently along an established percentile?
Age 3
What are some signs that indicate the infant's readiness to consume solid foods?
Consuming more than 32 ounces of infant formula per 24 hours Reaching a weight of at least 13 Breastfeeding more than 8-10 times per 24 hours
Supplemental vitamin ____ is necessary for all breastfed infants, as well as for formula-fed infants who consume less than 1 quart of formula per day
D
Supplemental vitamin _____ should be discontinued when dietary sources provide at least 4000 IU per day
D K
Which of the following situations may be classified as failure to thrive? Select all that apply
Declining two or more percentile lines over time Weight-for-age below the 5th percentile
Which of the following are true statements about the protein in human milk? Select all that apply.
Easily digested Promotes immune system development
Childhood is an important time to establish behaviors such as
Eating in response to hunger cues Engaging in physical activity during leisure time Making nutrient-dense food choices
Which statement is true about the development of healthful eating habits, regular physical activity, and the life span?
Establishing healthful eating habits and regular physical activity at a young age will most likely carry over into adulthood
What is a possible consequence of using well water for formula prepparation?
Excessive nitrates in the water may lead to a severe form of anemia
What are some examples of inappropriate feeding practices for infants
Failure to drink from a cup by 1 year of age Feeding the infant vitamin and mineral supplement exceeding 100% of the recommendations Feeding the infant excessive amounts of fruit juice, especially replacing formula or human milk with juice
Which statement are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?
Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities
Which statements are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?
Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities
Which of the following macronutrient is most important for the development of the infant's nervous system?
Fats
Why is the use of fluoridated bottle water not recommended by the American Dental Association?
Fluoridated water creates the risk of enamel fluorosis during development prior to eruption from the gums
Which statements are true about fluoride supplementation during infancy?
Formula-fed infants should receive supplementation after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate Breastfed infants may need supplementation of fluoride after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate
Which of the following are true about offering fruit juice to infants
Fruit juice intake should be limited to 4 to 6 fluid ounces per day Juice should be offered in a cup instead of a bottle
Which of the following are true about offering fruit juice to infants?
Fruit juice intake should be limited to 4 to 6 fluid ounces per day Juice should be offered in a cup instead of a bottle
Which statement is true about when females reach their peak growth rate?
Girls experience peak growth rate just before the onset of menses
What are some strategies that may be used to prevent the onset of early childhood caries?
Have the infant drink from a cup rather than a bottle Do not put the infant in an infant seat with a bottle propped up Do not put the infant to bed with a bottle
Compared to iron-fortified infant formula,
Human milk is lower in iron The iron in human milk is more bioavailable
Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life
Human milk or infant formula
Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life?
Human milk or infant formula
What are the main consequences of failure to thrive?
Impaired mental development Behavioral problems Poor physical growth
What are some health consequences experienced later in life that are associated with iron deficiency anemia during infancy?
Impaired motor development Impaired Cognition Behavorial problems
Which of these statements is true?
Infants are born with some iron stored; however by 4-6 months these iron stores will be depleted unless consumed in the diet
Why are infants unable to tolerate cow's milk?
Infants are unable to tolerate the high mineral and protein content of cow's milk
Why do infants require more energy per pound body weight than both young and older adults?
Infants require more energy per pound body weight in order to support their rapid pace of growth and development
Which statements are true in terms of the nutritional needs of an infant during development?
Iron stores are exhausted at around 6 months, so infants need to begin consuming iron-fortified solid foods Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for both breastfed and formula-fed infants if vitamin D intake is less than 400 IU per day Before 6 months of age, breastfeeding or formula feeding can meet the nutritional needs of an infant
Evidence suggests that breastfeeding helps an infant learn to self-regulate food intake- to eat only when hungry and to stop eating when full. This could contribute to
Lower risk for cardiovascular diseases Lower risk for type 2 diabetes Lower risk for obesity
What are some examples of factors that lead to poor infant-parent interactions resulting in failure to thrive?
Misinformation Little concern about child welfare Lack of parent role model Force feeding
What are the main dietary recommendations for infant diets set by the American Academy of Pediatrics?
Pay attention to infant satiety cues Avoid excessive fiber Do not restrict fat intake Moderate sugar and sodium intake Build to a variety of foods Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium
_______ provide(s) about 10% if the total calories in human milk.
Protein
What are some negative health implications of restricting caloric intake during infancy?
Restricted growth of organ systems Restriction of brain and nervous system development
What is the basis of serving size quantities for infant food labels?
Serving sizes are based on the average amount of food eaten in one sitting by a child under the age of 2 years
Calorie restriction during infancy could result in
Slow organ growth Poor nervous system development Stunting of growth
What are the three physical markers that indicate a child is ready for solid foods?
The acquisition of head and neck control The disappearance of the extrusion reflex The ability to sit up with support
Why do infants have such high caloric needs?
The calorie needs of infants are high due to their rapid growth and high metabolic rates
Why is it important that a caregiver responds and pays attention to an infant's satiety cues?
The caregiver can be assured that calorie needs are being met The caregiver will foster a climate of trust and responsiveness
If a child was in the 90th percentile for height-for-age according to the growth charts, how may one interpret these results?
The child is shorter than 10% of children his age, and taller than 89%
If well water is the only available resource to prepare infant formula for very young infants,
The water should be boiled prior to preparation The water should be tested for contaminants
What is the extrusion reflex?
Thrusting the tongue forward and pushing food out of the mouth
What are some common cues from infants that signal satiety?
Turning head away Falling asleep Becoming Playful Inattentiveness
When does a food allergy occur?
When immune bodies produced by the body react with a protein from food the body senses as foreign
Pair the correct health organization with the basis of development for their growth charts
World Health Organization (WHO): Data were collected from various regions of the world; the children were raised under optimal conditions for growth and development National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS): Data were collected primarily from Caucasian children who were mostly formula-fed during infancy
What is most important for children to consume for proper growth?
Zinc Protein Calories Iron Calcium
A food ____ occurs when the body's immune response targets a food protein
allergy
About half of the total protein intake for infants should come from essential ______ ________.
amino acids
About 10 minutes after infant feeding begins, the caregiver should _______ the baby
burp
Hot dogs, grapes, whole nuts, and popcorn should not be fed to infants because they
can cause choking
Foods that are round, compressible, and small in diameter ______ hazards for young children.
choking
It is possible for the infant to become easily_____ if adequate amounts of fluid are not consumed or illness occurs
dehydrated
Dry mouth and lips, and absence of tears when crying are early signs of _______ in infants
dehydration
Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants have lower rates of
diarrheal diseases food allergies ear infections
Low-iron infant formulas are strongly _____
discouraged
After 6 months of age ______ can be offered in a sippy cup with a wide, flat bottom
expressed breast milk water formula
________ account(s) for about 55% of the total calories in human milk
fat
At which stage in the life cycles does one begin developing attitudes toward foods and the eating process?
infancy
Brain development is most rapid during
infancy
Per kilogram of body weight, _____ need 2-4 times more calories than _____.
infants; adults
_____ -fortified formula is important to use for infant health
iron
The main carbohydrate in human milk is
lactose
Nutritional problems during infancy and childhood result in ____ adverse health effects
long-term
The two factors associated with the high calorie needs of the infant include rapid _____ and high ____ rate
metabolism metabolic
Failure to thrive can result from
nutrient malabsorption Inadequate nutritional intake parental neglect
It is important to minimize the types of ___ introduced to the infant's diet within the first 3 months in order to prevent the predisposition for future allergies
proteins
Early childhood caries are likely to result from
putting a baby to bed with a bottle of milk
After ____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense food will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs
six
After _____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense foods will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs and iron needs
six
Caregivers should avoid giving infants heavily-seasoned and processed foods due to the increased _____ content of these foods
sodium
When an infant begins to act disinterested in a bottle that is still half full, the caregiver should
stop feeding the infant
If a six-month-old infant loses interest in eating halfway through a bottle and begins looking around the room, the caregiver should
stop feeding the infant and discard the leftover formula
Initially, the introduction of "table food" should _____ formula or human milk in the infant's diet
supplement
_______ is a term used to describe dietary intake that is not enough to meet one's nutritional needs over a lengthy period of time
undernutrition
Match the following BMI-for age percentiles to an appropriate weight status classification
underweight: <5th percentile Healthy weight: 5th up to 85th percentile Overweight: 85th up to 95th percentile Obese: >/= 95th percentile
Pair the vitamin with the appropriate classification for supplementation.
vitamin K injection: given to all infants at birth vitamin D supplementation: given to breastfed and formula-fed infants until intake of formula or solid foods provides adequate amounts Vitamin B-12 supplementation: Given to breastfed infants whose mothers are vagina
When a child's growth does not track consistently along the same percentile on the ____-for-age chart over time, this may be an indication for potential medical or nutritional problems
weight
The best indicators of a child's nutritional status are gains in _____ in the short run and gains in ____ in the long run.
weight length
After reintroduction of a suspected problem food to the infant's diet, if food intolerance persists, the caregiver should
consult a physician
Because of its high mineral content and low fat content, low-fat and fat-free cow's milk should not be fed to infants until they are ___ year(s) of age
2
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants and children should recieve _______ IU of supplemental vitamin D until intake of vitamin D from food sources reaches this level
400
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that solid foods not be introduced until about ___ months
6
Pair the appropriate age with the self-feeding development that occurs at that time
6-7 Months: The infant has learned to handle finger foods and transfer objects from one hand to the other. 7-8 Months: The infant is able to push food around on a plate, play with a drinking cup, hold a bottle, and self-feed a cracker or piece of toast 9-10 Months: The infant's desire to play and explore foods may hinder feeding. Feeding is very messy during this time.
What are the carbohydrate needs for infants at 7-12 months?
95 grams per day
What are some factors necessary for infants or young children to thrive?
A sense of security A stimulating environment Specific attention focused on them
Pair the dietary practices that should be avoided during infancy with their appropriate reasoning
Avoid feeding the infant honey: This practice may lead to the development of botulism Avoid feeding the older infant excessive infant formula or human milk: This practice may lead to the development of anemia Avoid feeding the infant foods such as candy, whole nuts, grapes, and coarsely cut meats: These foods, and foods like this, are considered choking hazards Avoid feeding the infant cow's milk: This practice may overwhelm the kidneys due to the high mineral content of the food
Pair the life stage with the correct method one would use to assess growth and development.
Birth to 36 months: Weight-for-age; length-for-age; weight-for-length; circumference-for-age 2 to 20 year olds: weight-for-age; height-for-age; BMI-for-age
_____ imparts greater immune benefits compared to _____
Breastfeeding; Formula feeding
Why is it important to wait about a week after introducing one solid food item to introduce another?
Development of a food allergy or intolerance may take up to 7 days to appear
Why do physicians measure head circumference?
Head circumference is an indicator of brain growth
Why is it important for caregivers to make sure that infants do not consume excessive fiber in their diets?
High-fiber foods are filling and often low in calories
If solid food is introduced prior to 6 months, what type of solid food should be introduced first?
Iron-fortified cereal
The American Academy of Pediatrics _____ recommend supplemental water or juice during the first 6 months
does not
An infant's birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday
doubles triples
Inexperience with infant feedings, too little or too much concern over child feedings, abuse or neglect, and poor infant-parent interaction are all possible causes of
failure to thrive
When infants are sick and suffering from diarrhea, vomiting, and/ or fever, it is necessary to provide supplemental _____
fluid
Fluoridated bottled water is not recommended for use by infants by the American Dental Association because it heightens the risk for ______
fluorosis
When an infant is experiencing symptoms such as diarrhea, wheezing, development of rash, this infant is most likely suffering from a(n) ________ ________.
food allergy
The body needs more food for ______ than it does for _____
growth; maintenance
Compared to adults, infants require more calories per kilogram of body weight because
they are rapidly growing they lose a great deal of energy as heat they have higher metabolic rates
