Chapter 13
Hypnogogic hallucinations are associated with: A) narcolepsy. B) cataplexy. C) sleep apnea. D) REM without atonia.
B) cataplexy.
Daily body-temperature changes would be an example of: A) circannual rhythm. B) circadian rhythm. C) ultradian rhythm. D) infradian rhythm.
B) circadian rhythm.
. If you isolate suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons from one another, put them in a dish, and then record from the cells: A) all rhythmicity would be gone. B) each of the cells would have a slightly different rhythm. C) all of the cells would have the same rhythm. D) there would be no activity because all the inputs are gone.
B) each of the cells would have a slightly different rhythm.
Some researchers have suggested that NREM sleep is critical for _____, whereas REM sleep is critical for _____. A) habitual memory consolidation; implicit memory consolidation B) explicit memory consolidation; implicit memory consolidation C) motor memory; factual memory D) restorative processes; memory
B) explicit memory consolidation; implicit memory consolidation
When all external cues are removed (e.g., living in a dark windowless basement) humans will start: A) going to bed earlier and earlier every night. B) going to bed later and later each night. C) eating less and less food. D) There is no change in sleep-wake cycle.
B) going to bed later and later each night.
A biological clock that is entrained: A) is a free-running rhythm. B) has been reset by a Zeitgeber. C) has been temporarily terminated by a hormonal change. D) is the same as a sequence of rhythms.
B) has been reset by a Zeitgeber.
Adults spend ______ in REM sleep than children. A) more time B) less time C) the same amount of time D) Children do not experience REM sleep.
B) less time
One of the most common treatments used for the control of seasonal affective disorder is: A) benzodiazepines. B) light. C) seconal. D) sodium amytal.
B) light.
The atonia associated with REM sleep is initiated by the: A) peribrachial area. B) medial pontine reticular formation. C) substantia nigra. D) raphe nuclei.
B) medial pontine reticular formation.
When all external cues are removed, animals run on a free-running rhythm. The free-running rhythm of a human is: A) 24 hours. B) more than 24 hours. C) less than 24 hours. D) inconsistent and vastly different for all people.
B) more than 24 hours.
Electromyography (EMG) measures: A) brain wave activity. B) muscle activity. C) eye movements. D) heart rate.
B) muscle activity.
Melatonin is secreted by the: A) SCN. B) pineal gland. C) gonads. D) hypothalamus.
B) pineal gland.
Which of the following neurotransmitters are likely responsible for waking? A) serotonin and dopamine B) serotonin and acetylcholine C) acetylcholine and dopamine D) acetylcholine and GABA
B) serotonin and acetylcholine
Sleep-deprived subjects: A) show adverse physiological consequences. B) show poor cognitive performance. C) cannot complete complex tasks. D) All of the answers are correct.
B) show poor cognitive performance.
Eating, body temperature, and motor activity are hypothesized to be driven by: A) pacemakers. B) slave oscillators. C) entrainment cells. D) phase modulators.
B) slave oscillators.
Sleepwalking can occur in: A) all stages of NREM sleep. B) stage 4 sleep. C) REM sleep. D) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 4 sleep.
The most likely function of sleep is: A) the restoration of tissue. B) still not definitely known. C) the consolidation of memories. D) the expression of repressed feelings.
B) still not definitely known.
Eating behavior would be an example of: A) circadian rhythm. B) ultradian rhythm. C) infradian rhythm. D) circannual rhythm.
B) ultradian rhythm.
Daily fluctuations in the rhythmical movement of plant leaves come from: A) temperature changes. B) within the plant. C) sunlight changes. D) changes in the electromagnetic field.
B) within the plant.
Restless legs syndrome is more common in: A) men. B) women. C) teenagers. D) seniors.
B) women.
Which of the following is influenced by daily biorhythms? A) body temperature B) metabolic rate C) sexual drive D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
The coping hypothesis of dreams was expounded by: A) Sigmund Freud. B) Carl Jung. C) J. Allen Hobson. D) Anttio Revonsuo.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.
Cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus use the neurotransmitter ______ to help them act in synchrony. A) dopamine B) norepinephrine C) glutamate D) GABA
D) GABA
If sparrows are tested in constant light, their free-running periods are _____, whereas if they are tested in constant darkness, their free-running periods are _____. A) more than 24 hours; less than 24 hours B) less than 24 hours; more than 24 hours C) absent; extended D) extended; absent
A) more than 24 hours; less than 24 hours
Which of the following sleeps the most? A) opossum B) human C) cat D) donkey
A) opossum
As a general rule ______ tend to sleep more than _____. A) predators; prey B) prey; predators C) humans; cats D) dogs; cats
A) predators; prey
People who are deprived of REM sleep: A) show an increased tendency to enter REM sleep in subsequent sleep sessions. B) become mentally unstable. C) become sleepwalkers. D) need to sleep for twice as long as normal.
A) show an increased tendency to enter REM sleep in subsequent sleep sessions.
Waking rhythm is the same as: A) alpha rhythm. B) beta rhythm. C) delta rhythm. D) theta rhythm.
B) beta rhythm.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives light-related inputs from retinal ganglion cells containing: A) melanopsin. B) rhodopsin. C) retinol. D) vitamin A.
A) melanopsin.
Ultradian rhythms have a period of ______, while infradian rhythms have a period of ______. A) less than one day; more than one day but less than one year B) more than one day but less than one year; less than one day C) one day; less than one day D) less than one day; one day
A) less than one day; more than one day but less than one year
Loss of REM sleep can result from: A) lower brainstem damage. B) damage to the hippocampus. C) damage to the upper brainstem. D) damage to the cerebellum.
A) lower brainstem damage.
Which of the following sequences accurately depicts the process by which rhythms are linked to hormones? A) SCN, slave oscillators, hormone release B) slave oscillators, SCN, hormone release C) hormone release, SCN, slave oscillators D) SCN, hormone release, slave oscillators
A) SCN, slave oscillators, hormone release
Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in: A) a desynchronized EEG. B) spindle activity in the EEG. C) rhythmical activity in the EEG. D) large, slow waves in the EEG.
A) a desynchronized EEG.
REM sleep is most frequent in: A) children. B) adolescents. C) middle age. D) the elderly.
A) children.
The day-night cycle that influences sleeping and waking is called: A) circadian rhythm. B) diurnal rhythm. C) nocturnal rhythm. D) metabolic rhythm.
A) circadian rhythm.
Migratory cycles of birds are examples of: A) circannual rhythms. B) circadian rhythms. C) ultradian rhythms. D) infradian rhythms.
A) circannual rhythms.
Melatonin is released primarily during the ______ of the circadian cycle. A) dark B) light C) midday portion D) early morning portion
A) dark
Body temperature ______ during NREM sleep and ______ during REM sleep. A) decreases; increases B) stays constant; decreases C) stays constant; increases D) increases; decreases
A) decreases; increases
Jet lag would be the worst if you were flying: A) from Boston to London B) from Paris to Rome C) from London to New York D) from Paris to London
A) from Boston to London
A person who suddenly falls down and is temporarily paralyzed most likely has: A) narcolepsy. B) cataplexy. C) hypnogogy. D) apnea.
B) cataplexy.
According to the ______ hypothesis, dreams are taken from an individual's personal memories and experience but have no meaning. A) Freudian B) activation-synthesis C) Jungian D) evolutionary
B) activation-synthesis
For humans, the basic rest activity cycle is approximately: A) 1 hour. B) 1.5 hours. C) 3.5 hours. D) 4 hours.
B) 1.5 hours.
The theory that dreams signify distant human memories was expounded by: A) Sigmund Freud. B) Carl Jung. C) J. Allan Hobson. D) Anttio Revonsuo.
B) Carl Jung.
_____ neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are rhythmic, whereas ______ neurons entrain these neurons. A) Shell; core B) Core; shell C) Superficial; deep D) Deep; superficial
B) Core; shell
______ promote(s) rest and relaxation, whereas ______ promote(s) arousal. A) Glucocorticoids; melatonin B) Melatonin; glucocorticoids C) GABA; melatonin D) Glucocorticoids; GABA
B) Melatonin; glucocorticoids
Sleep spindles and K complexes are associated with: A) REM sleep. B) NREM sleep. C) dreaming. D) daydreaming.
B) NREM sleep.
In the first part of a night's sleep, ______ sleep is prominent, whereas in the second part of a night's sleep, ______ sleep dominates sleep time. A) REM; NREM B) NREM; REM C) stage 1; stage 3 D) stage 3; stage 1
B) NREM; REM
Narcolepsy can be treated with: A) opiates. B) Ritalin. C) SSRIs. D) antipsychotic drugs.
B) Ritalin.
Greg had a stroke in both sides of his occipital lobe and is now cortically blind. What effect would complete cortical blindness have on Greg's circadian rhythm? A) His circadian rhythm would cease functioning and he would get his days and nights confused. B) There would be no change to his circadian rhythm. C) His circadian rhythm would speed up. D) His circadian rhythm would slow down
B) There would be no change to his circadian rhythm.
The clock on most computers is continually updated and reset via an Internet connection to a time server. In this example the time server acts as a: A) circadian rhythm. B) Zeitgeber. C) free-running rhythm. D) infradian rhythm.
B) Zeitgeber.
Studies of gene expression have shown that approximately ______ of the genome is under epigenetic control of the circadian rhythm. A) 1 percent B) 5 percent C) 10 percent D) 25 percent
C) 10 percent
_____ is responsible for the waking associated with being still and alert, whereas ______ is responsible for the waking associated with movement. A) Serotonin; norepinephrine B) Norepinephrine; serotonin C) Acetylcholine; serotonin D) Serotonin; acetylcholine
C) Acetylcholine; serotonin
Dreaming occurs most commonly during: A) stages 1 and 2 sleep. B) stages 3 and 4 sleep. C) REM sleep. D) all five stages of sleep.
C) REM sleep.
Which of the following would describe the electrical activity of neurons in a rat's suprachiasmatic nucleus if it were removed and placed in a dish? A) The rhythm of the neurons would speed up. B) The rhythm of the neurons would slow down. C) There would be no change to the rhythm of the neurons. D) A loss of all rhythmicity.
C) There would be no change to the rhythm
A brief period of sleeping lasting a second or so is known as: A) a minisleep. B) a nap. C) a microsleep. D) passing out.
C) a microsleep.
Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for your friend who seems to be suffering from seasonal affective disorder during the winter? A) alcohol B) a high-carbohydrate diet C) a trip to a tanning salon D) vitamin C
C) a trip to a tanning salon
Cataplexy is a sleep disorder in which: A) one cannot go into REM sleep. B) atonia does not occur during REM and people "act out their dreams." C) atonia suddenly occurs in an awake, alert individual. D) one is overcome by a sudden urge to sleep.
C) atonia suddenly occurs in an awake, alert individual.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is most common: A) far north of the equator. B) far south of the equator. C) both far north and far south of the equator. D) at the equator.
C) both far north and far south of the equator.
An insomniac is a person who: A) sleeps excessively. B) falls asleep without warning. C) cannot sleep. D) only sleeps during the day.
C) cannot sleep.
Knockout mice that were selectively bred not to have the gene for producing orexin were found to have: A) sleep apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) cataplexy. D) All of the answers are correct.
C) cataplexy.
Damage to the brainstem can result in: A) narcolepsy. B) insomnia. C) coma. D) hyperactivity.
C) coma.
8. Which of the following rhythms occurs during sleep? A) alpha rhythm B) beta rhythm C) delta rhythm D) theta rhythm
C) delta rhythm
What is the correct order of EEG patterns from lowest to highest frequency? A) alpha, beta, delta B) beta, alpha, delta C) delta, alpha, beta D) delta, beta, alpha
C) delta, alpha, beta
A free-running rhythm is: A) determined by temperature. B) determined by light. C) determined from within the body. D) determined by temperature and light, and from within the body.
C) determined from within the body.
If a female rat is lesioned in the suprachiasmatic nucleus so her behavior is no longer rhythmic and she subsequently becomes pregnant, her rat pups will: A) fail to develop a circadian rhythm. B) have to learn rhythmic behavior by watching other, nonlesioned rats. C) develop a normal circadian rhythm. D) adopt nocturnal rhythms.
C) develop a normal circadian rhythm.
Lesions to the suprachiasmatic nucleus: A) abolish eating. B) abolish sleep. C) disrupt the timing of sleep and eating. D) have no effect on either eating or sleeping.
C) disrupt the timing of sleep and eating.
Electrooculography (EOG) measures: A) brain wave activity. B) muscle activity. C) eye movements. D) heart rate.
C) eye movements.
The EEG patterns (taken from skull recordings) of REM sleep are characterized by: A) low-frequency waves, as if the person were awake. B) low-frequency waves, similar to those found in stage 4 sleep. C) high-frequency waves, as if the person were awake. D) high-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 2 sleep.
C) high-frequency waves, as if the person were awake.
According to a study by Curt Richter, running, eating, and drinking no longer occurred at appropriate times following lesions to the: A) orbitofrontal cortex. B) thalamus. C) hypothalamus. D) tectum.
C) hypothalamus.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the: A) optic chiasm. B) thalamus. C) hypothalamus. D) cerebellum.
C) hypothalamus.
The human menstrual cycle would be an example of: A) circannual rhythm. B) ultradian rhythm. C) infradian rhythm. D) circadian rhythm.
C) infradian rhythm.
Rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus likely: A) is learned. B) originated from elsewhere in the brain. C) is genetically determined. D) developed as the result of sunlight.
C) is genetically determined.
. Which of the following is likely the most potent Zeitgeber? A) eating times B) darkness C) light D) temperature
C) light
Shift workers (e.g., working 7 P.M. to 3 A.M.) are more likely to develop: A) insomnia. B) hypersomnia. C) metabolic syndrome. D) anxiety problems.
C) metabolic syndrome.
The time required for a complete cycle of activity is called a(n): A) biological rhythm. B) cycle. C) period. D) epoch.
C) period.
Someone who experiences tingling and pain in their legs at night when they are trying to sleep may have: A) poor blood circulation. B) had too much coffee during the day. C) restless legs syndrome. D) sleep dystonia.
C) restless legs syndrome.
Studies of dream content found that most dreams are associated with: A) sex. B) happiness. C) sadness and anger. D) sensations of falling.
C) sadness and anger.
You are driving on the highway at night and you are getting very sleepy. To prevent yourself from falling asleep behind the wheel you can stimulate your serotonergic neurons by: A) drinking coffee. B) listening to music. C) shaking your head or stretching. D) having a snack
C) shaking your head or stretching.
I snore and I am very overweight. I am at risk for: A) restless legs syndrome. B) narcolepsy. C) sleep apnea. D) seasonal affective disorder.
C) sleep apnea.
Which of the following neural structures functions as a pacemaker? A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) amygdala C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) hypothalamic nucleus
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
The effects of lesioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus can be reversed by: A) intense exposure to light. B) electrical stimulation. C) transplants of SCN cells. D) stem cell transplants
C) transplants of SCN cells.
Jill often works a part-time job until 10 PM and then studies until 3 AM. She wakes up at 7:30 AM and skips breakfast so she can make it to her morning classes on time. If Jill continues her abnormal sleeping and eating patterns, it may put her at increased risk for: A) diabetes. B) cardiovascular disease. C) obesity. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Our biological rhythms are influenced by: A) the earth orbiting around the sun. B) the rotational axis of the planet. C) light. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
REM sleep can be abolished by: A) lower brainstem damage. B) tricyclic antidepressants. C) serotonin reuptake inhibitors. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Sleep is commonly measured using an: A) electroencephalograph. B) electromyograph. C) electrooculograph. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Sleeping pills can often: A) become addictive B) deprive a person of REM sleep. C) cause rebound insomnia. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus entrains slave oscillators via connection(s) with the: A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) pituitary. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
John is participating in a sleep study. While examining John's EEG pattern, the researcher notices that the waves are extremely regular, with a frequency of 7 to 11 Hz. Based on this observation the researcher can conclude that: A) John is still wide awake and alert. B) John is asleep. C) John is dreaming. D) John is awake but relaxed with his eyes closed.
D) John is awake but relaxed with his eyes closed.
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs during: A) stage 1 sleep. B) stage 2 sleep. C) stages 3 and 4 sleep. D) None of the answers is correct.
D) None of the answers is correct
Which of the following is not affected by daily cycles? A) algae B) fungi C) lizards D) None of the answers is correct.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Cues that maintain rhythmicity are known as: A) circadian rhythms. B) cyclers. C) pacemakers. D) Zeitgebers.
D) Zeitgebers.
Insomnia can be caused by: A) anxiety. B) depression. C) sleeping pills. D) anxiety, depression, and sleeping pills.
D) anxiety, depression, and sleeping pills.
Research has shown that Zeitgebers are most effective: A) at sunrise. B) at sunset. C) during the night. D) both a sunrise and at sunset.
D) both a sunrise and at sunset.
If inputs and outputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are severed, the neurons in the SCN: A) increase their rates of firing. B) decrease their rates of firing. C) cease firing altogether. D) continue to fire at the same rate as before.
D) continue to fire at the same rate as before.
Diurnal is to nocturnal as: A) night is to day. B) sleep is to activity. C) activity is to sleep. D) day is to night.
D) day is to night.
Steven is often referred to as a morning person because he wakes up at 5 AM and goes to sleep at 10 AM, whereas Jennifer is described as a "night owl" because she wakes up at 10 AM but stays up until 3 AM Steven and Jennifer's sleeping and waking habits may differ because of: A) differences in diet. B) differences in exercise. C) differences in suprachiasmatic nucleus core neurons. D) differences in suprachiasmatic nucleus shell neurons.
D) differences in suprachiasmatic nucleus shell neurons.
How many stages of sleep are generally accepted to occur? A) two B) three C) four D) five
D) five
Sarah is participating in a sleep study. Although she appears to be sleeping her EEG pattern exhibits fast brain wave activity, and the recording from the electrooculogram would seem to indicate that she is moving her eyes. This suggests that Sarah: A) is having a seizure. B) is lying with her eyes closed and is relaxed but not actually sleeping. C) has a sleep disorder. D) is in REM sleep.
D) is in REM sleep.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the release of the hormone(s): A) melatonin. B) glucocorticoid. C) thyroid-stimulating hormone. D) melatonin and glucocorticoid.
D) melatonin and glucocorticoid.
Morning light resets the biological clock by ____, whereas evening darkness resets the biological clock by _____. A) moving it backward; moving it forward B) moving it forward; moving it forward again C) moving it backward; moving it backward again D) moving it forward; moving it backward
D) moving it forward; moving it backward
Research into the neural basis of cataplexy has shown that during episodes of cataplexy: A) neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive. B) neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active. C) neurons in the peribrachial area become active. D) neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive and neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active.
D) neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive and neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active.
The_____ initiates REM sleep. A) medial pontine reticular formation B) inferior olivary nucleus C) suprachiasmatic nucleus D) peribrachial area
D) peribrachial area
Light information reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus via the: A) lateral geniculate pathway. B) occipital cortex. C) thalamic pathway. D) retinohypothalamic pathway.
D) retinohypothalamic pathway.
When subjects are awakened from sleep at different times, the data suggest that ______ is the deepest stage of sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) stage 4
D) stage 4
Night terrors, or brief frightening dreams, occur during: A) REM sleep. B) stages 2 and 3 sleep. C) stages 3 and 4 sleep. D) stages 2, 3, and 4 sleep.
D) stages 2, 3, and 4 sleep.