Chapter 13- Presenting a Speech Confidently and Competently
Should you cite your sources on the info you present?
YES! give credit to all your sources
downsides of memorized speeches
a lot of time and energy to prepare (write whole speech then memorize it) can come across as excessively prepared and overly formal speaker's memory can fail
additions is...
adding unnecessary sounds to words; "bolth" instead of "both"
5 articulation problems to avoid
addition deletion transportation substitution slurring
stage fright
anxiety or fear that is brought on by performing in front of an audience type of stress that affects individuals psychologically, physically, and behaviorally
presentation aids
anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses; accessories to your speech
flavors, textures, odors
appeal to your listeners' senses of taste, touch, and smell
jewelry and accessories should NOT
attract attention; they should complement your clothing
how should you stand when speaking
back straight, shoulders square, head up- this posture makes you appear strong, composed, and in control
Extemporaneous speech advantages
bc they use minimal notes, they can maintain audience eye contact they can speak with a more relaxed tone of voice
stress
body's reaction to any type of perceived threat
Personal appearance includes
clothing accessories grooming
advantage to eye contact
come across as confident and believable even if you feel nervous
Extemporaneous speech goal
communicate in a natural conversational manner, give the impression that you are simply talking with your listeners instead of formally addressing them
scripted speech
composed of word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written
steps in preparing for extemporaneous speech
constructing purpose and thesis statements identifying main points and subpoints choosing how to introduce and conclude your speech creating a formal outline crafting a set of informal speaking notes
deep-pitched speakers...
convey greater confidence
handouts
copies of written material that listeners keep after the speech is over
a scripted speech allows the speaker to...
deliver grammatically accurate, well-planned messages within a specified time frame speaker always knows what to say
bar chart
depicts numbers as bars on a graph, such as the percentages of people in various parts of the world who regularly use the internet
visualization
developing a particular mental image, see yourself give a speech in a confident and relaxed manner
tables
display of words or numbers in a format of columns and rows
hints to help you succeed at impromptu speeches
don't panic think in threes- identify 3 points you want to make about your topic draw from what's happened be brief- make your points concisely, provide a brief conclusion, thank your audience for listening
graphic slide
electronic display of info in a visually compelling format that can enhance listeners' attention
text slide
electronic display of text used to accompany a speech; can be created in powerpoint; clear and brief (bulleted lists of words or phrases)
stressor
events that cause the body to experience stress ex: public speaking
less anxiety when anticipating an _____ speech
extemporaneous
articulation
extent to which the speaker pronounces words clearly; speaker's clarity
what part of your body can communicate more information than any other nonverbal channel
face
pie chart
graphic display of numbers in the form of a circle that is divided into segments, each of which represents a percentage of the whole
line chart
graphic display of numbers in the form of a line or lines that connect various data points
charts
graphic display of numeric info
avatars
graphic representations of other people
physical effects of stress
heart and breathing rates increase to get more oxygen to your muscles perspire more to keep your body from overheating body produces more stress hormones pupils of your eyes dilate
most anxiety when anticipating an _____ speech
impromptu
four basic styles of speech delivery
impromptu, extemporaneous, scripted, memorized
disadvantages of impromptu speech
lack of opportunity to prepare can be stressful thinking on the spot can be difficult
benefit from giving an impromptu speech
listeners may believe your words are genuine because you didn't have time to prepare them
vocal volume
loudness or softness of the voice
vocal pitch
measure of how high or low the voice is
speech anxiety affects...
more than 1 in 5 adults
what are gestures?
movements of the hands arms or head that express meaning
disadvantages to scripted speeches
much more time and energy to prepare create a detailed outline and then compose every part of the speech word for word you have to manipulate a manuscript which can be distracting for the speaker and audience
high-pitched speakers seem...
nervous and unsure
can you eliminate stage fright?
no, you can accept it as a normal part of the performance experience
non-electronic presentation aids include
objects flavors textures odors handouts people
public speaking anxiety is lowest among people who are...
outgoing, uninhibited, intellectually sophisticated, not prone to worry
pictures
pictures can be very provocative so many speakers use pictures as presentation aids
disensitization
process of confronting frightening situations head-on
anxiety
psychological state of worry and unease
Women report more ____ anxiety while men experience more _____ stress overall
psychological; physical
fight or flight response
reaction that helps prepare the body either to confront the stressor (thru a fight) or to avoid it (through flight)
substitution is...
replacing one part of a word with an incorrect sound; "sundee" instead of "sunday"
model
representation of the object; can be used to demonstrate processes
transportation is...
reversing 2 sounds within a word; "Hunderd" instead of "hundred"
least anxiety when anticipating a ____ speech
scripted
what speeches are useful when individuals must speak within a specified time frame?
scripted and memorized
What is the easiest form of speaking
scripted delivery
How should you dress?
similarly to your audience, wear conservative jewelry, and be well-groomed
volume depends on...
size of your audience, size of the room, and whether you're using a microphone
fluency is...
smoothness of the speaker's delivery
Slurring is...
speaker combines 2 or more words into 1; "going to" becomes "gonna"
stuttering
speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses; strikes people early in life
extemporaneous speech
speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously
memorized speech
speech that you compose word for word and then deliver from memory
Impromptu speech
speech that you deliver on the spot, with little or no preparation
rate
speed at which you speak
when you are ethical you are...
staying away from presentations aids that might harm your audience physically or emotionally
disadvantages of extemporaneous speech
takes time to prepare difficult to do well under strict time constraints or if perfect grammar is required
scripted speeches are common when...
the exact wording of the speech is crucial or when the speech must fit within a predetermined time frame
when planning presentation aids, pay attention to...
the size and arrangement of the room the time available for the speech the resources available
benefits from using presentation aids
they improve attention, learning, and recall
People prepare speeches for many different reasons such as
to inform, to persuade, and to entertain
what does an impromptu speech require?
to think spontaneously about what you want to say and to organize your thoughts quickly into a set of speaking points
people
using a person as a presentation aid is more engaging than showing your audience photographs or video recordings, bc your demonstration is live
what is more important than the pitch itself
variation in pitch; speakers who vary their pitch sound energetic and dynamic and are judged by others as friendly and caring
stage fright affects behavior in 5 separate domains...
voice mouth and throat facial expression general movement verbal behavior
deletion is...
when a speaker omits part of a word sounds, usually at the beginning or end of a word; "goin" instead of "going"
do men or women have higher levels of anticipatory anxiety
women
anticipatory anxiety
worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech often starts when speech is assigned
Should you strive for simplicity when creating a presentation aid?
yes
does speaking at a faster rate make a speaker more persuasive and more credible?
yes
5 elements to an effective delivery
1. facial expression 2. eye contact 3. posture and body position 4. gestures 5. personal appearance
3 important factors when gesturing during a speech
1. gestures should look spontaneous rather than planned 2. gestures should be appropriate in number 3. gestures should be appropriate in size for your proximity to the audience
2 aspects of your facial expressions that are important for a good speech
1. your facial expressions should match the tone of your words 2. your expressions should vary over the course of your speech, speakers who do this are seen as competent and credible
debilitating stage fright causes 2 sensations...
1. your mind goes blank 2. you have an urge to escape the situation