Chapter 14
The close contact between newborns and family members allow them to become ________ with microbes that become established as their microbiota. (Choose the most accurate term.) A) infected B) parasitized C) colonized D) contaminated E) infiltrated
C
People in the asymptomatic incubation stage of a disease may be a reservoir of the agent. (T/F)
True
A reservoir is A) a source of microbial contamination. B) an environment that is free of microbes. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing.
A
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen lost? A) the ability to adhere to cells of the body B) the ability to move from one location in the body to another C) the ability to produce an endotoxin D) the ability to establish a latent infection E) the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it
A
Aerosols may be involved in ________ transmission of pathogens. A) droplet B) direct C) vector D) fecal-oral E) waterborne
A
Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections. A) iatrogenic B) exogenous C) opportunistic D) endogenous E) subacute
A
In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza ("swine flu") in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) ________ disease. A) epidemic B) endemic C) sporadic D) pandemic E) opportunistic
A
Mutualism is a relationship A) that provides benefits for both members, sometimes to the point that one cannot live without the other. B) where only one member derives benefit from the other. C) where one member of the relationship may kill the other. D) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. E) where it is difficult to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.
A
Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) any microorganisms that cause disease. C) organisms that are present in or on the body for a short time without causing harm. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) microorganisms that never cause disease.
A
Symptoms are A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. B) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. C) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others. D) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. E) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.
A
Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? A) cockroach transmission of Shigella B) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma E) louse transmission of Rickettsia
A
A pathogen is best described as A) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life. B) any microorganism that causes disease. C) an organism that remains in the body for a short time. D) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) a source of microbial contamination.
B
An axenic environment is one A) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. B) that is free of microbes. C) that is a source of contamination. D) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. E) contaminated by microbial toxins.
B
Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? A) mucous membrane portal B) parenteral route C) skin portal D) contact E) fomite
B
Commensalism is best described as a(n) A) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. B) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. C) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) relationship in which a microorganism causes disease. E) source of contamination.
B
Fomites are A) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. C) fecal material from infected hosts. D) animal sources for human pathogens. E) silent carriers of infectious diseases
B
In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A) A pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. B) A person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. C) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. D) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle.
B
The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred? A) indirect contact B) airborne C) waterborne D) foodborne E) bodily fluid
B
Which of the following virulence factors directly contributes to severe inflammation? A) coagulase B) lipid A C) hyaluronidase D) kinase E) collagenase
B
A toxin common to all Gram-negative bacteria is A) neurotoxin. B) coagulase. C) lipid A. D) hemolysin. E) collagenase
C
Microbes known as transient microbiota are A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes. E) sources of microbial contamination.
C
The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means A) 12.43 of every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000. B) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000. C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. D) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. E) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.
C
Which of the following diseases may be reduced by improved public sanitation measures? A) malaria B) HIV C) cholera D) chickenpox E) rabies
C
Which of the following is a sign of disease? A) headache B) dizziness C) fever D) nausea E) cramps
C
Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. B) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. C) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. D) Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. E) Microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal.
C
Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? A) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin B) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth E) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon
C
Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? A) the incubation period B) the prodromal period C) the illness period D) the decline period E) the convalescence period
C
A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly. What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread? A) Facilitate access to vaccines. B) Identify and treat people who are infected. C) Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves. D) Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected. E) Shut down public transportation.
D
A person is exposed to rotten wood with fungal growth and develops blastomycosis. No one taking care of him/her becomes ill. Blastomycosis is an example of a ________ disease. A) contagious B) subacute C) chronic D) noncommunicable E) latent
D
Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? A) coagulase B) enterotoxin C) hemolysin D) hyaluronidase E) coagulase and hemolysin
D
Koch's postulates were used to demonstrate the relationship between A) HIV and AIDS. B) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy. C) liver parasites and liver cancer. D) Haemophilus influenzae and meningitis. E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu.
D
Over 470,000 cases of cholera were reported in Haiti in the two years following the 2010 earthquake. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? A) mosquitoes B) aerosols C) contact D) contaminated water E) contaminated milk
D
The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as A) microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.
D
The person known to history as "Typhoid Mary" never had typhoid fever but was identified by public health officials as a source of Salmonella enterica Typhi. Which of the following is the most accurate description of her in this scenario? A) contact carrier B) human carrier C) reservoir D) both a human carrier and a reservoir E) a reservoir but not a carrier
D
Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)? A) subclinical disease B) exogenous infection C) latent infection D) superinfection E) zoonotic
D
Which of the following is a symptom of disease? A) temperature B) swelling C) diarrhea D) fatigue E) rash
D
Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of a disease process? A) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline B) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline C) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline D) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence E) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline
D
Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? A) ringworm B) warts C) gonorrhea D) yellow fever E) pertussis
D
Infectious diseases can be classified on the basis of A) severity and duration of the disease. B) means of transmission. C) organs or organ systems affected by the disease. D) type of microbe that causes the disease. E) disease severity and duration, organ system affected or type of microbe.
E
People who wash their hands frequently during cold season typically have fewer colds than those who do not. This observation suggests cold viruses can be transmitted by A) fomites. B) mechanical vectors. C) biological vectors. D) direct contact. E) both direct contact and fomites.
E
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in the nasal cavity of healthy people. If inhaled into the lungs, however, it may cause pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus is best described as A) a parasite. B) resident microbiota. C) a mutualist symbiotic partner. D) transient microbiota. E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.
E
The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n) A) relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. C) nonsymbiotic relationship. D) unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.
E
Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? A) bacteria in the human colon B) tapeworm in the human intestine C) tuberculosis in the human lung D) protozoa in termites E) microbes crossing the placenta to the fetus
E
Which of the following is NOT considered a member of the normal human microbiota? A) Candida B) Lactobacillus C) E. coli D) Bacteroides E) Microsporum
E
Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? A) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of the disease. B) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory. D) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. E) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.
E
All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness. (T/F)
False
All infections result in disease. (T/F)
False
In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other. (T/F)
False
Influenza is an example of a chronic disease. (T/F)
False
Koch's postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen. (T/F)
False
Microbial contamination always results in infection. (T/F)
False
A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease. (T/F)
True
Biofilms provide an alternative means for bacteria to attach to surfaces within the body. (T/F)
True
Normal microbiota may cause disease if conditions change in the body. (T/F)
True