Chapter 14 A&P and Extra Credit

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The distribution of the sensory fibers within which of the following structures illustrates the segmental division of dermatomes supplied by the spinal cord?

Dorsal and ventral rami

Which nerve of the brachial plexus supplies the rhomboid and levator scapulae muscles

Dorsal scapular nerve

Which of the spinal meninges consist(s) of a layer of dense irregular connective tissue with an epithelial covering on both inner and outer surfaces?

Dura mater

Jim is a truck driver who often has to spend 10-15 hours each day completing long hauls. During these trips, he carries a large wallet in his back pocket at all times. He, therefore, has recently been complaining of lumbar pain and weakness in his leg muscles. Which peripheral neuropathy is indicated in Jim's case?

Sciatic compression

Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest nerve in the human body, innervates the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles, and branches into the tibial and fibular nerves?

Sciatic nerve

Which of the following is an example of a reflex classification based on the nature of the resulting motor response?

Somatic or visceral (autonomic) reflexes

The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the) ________.

arachnoid mater

Which of the following is a nerve of the cervical plexus?

lesser occipital nerve

Place in order the following steps of a stretch reflex. 1. Stimulus 2. Information processing at a motor neuron 3. Response 4. Activation of a sensory neuron 5. Activation of motor neuron

1, 4, 2, 5, 3

Place in order the following steps of a neural (withdrawal) reflex. 1. Activation of a motor neuron 2. Arrival of stimulus and activation of the receptor 3. Response by effector 4. Information processing in the CNS 5. Activation of a sensory neuron

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

How many pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the cervical vertebrae?

8

Which nerve of the cervical plexus innervates five extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Ansa cervicalis

Which gray horns contain neurons concerned with somatic motor control?

Anterior gray horns

What do the cervical and brachial plexuses have in common?

Both plexuses contain ventral rami of C5 spinal nerves.

Which spinal segment of the cervical plexus innervates the skin of the upper chest, shoulder, neck, and ear?

C2-C3

The brachial plexus consists of which spinal nerve segments?

C5-T1

The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

CNS

Regarding the gross anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following structures supplies/supply nerves to the pectoral girdle?

Cervical enlargement

Which structure of the spinal cord contains axons crossing from one end of the cord to the other before reaching a destination within the gray matter?

Gray commissure

Which of the following is a structure of the rami communicantes that supplies postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles and glands of the body wall and limbs?

Gray ramus

What are the projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord called?

Horns

Which nerve of the lumbar plexus is responsible for supplying the abdominal muscles (external and internal obliques and transversus abdominis) and the skin over the inferior abdomen and buttocks?

Iliohypogastric nerve

Why are there 30 vertebrae but 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

In the cervical area, there are eight nerve pairs, with the first exiting above C1.

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

In the subarachnoid space

Which nerve of the sacral plexus innervates the large gluteus maximus muscle?

Inferior gluteal nerve

Which type of reflexes is genetically determined?

Innate reflexes

Which of the following describes the filum terminale?

It begins at the inferior tip of the conus medullaris. It extends from the conus medullaris along the length of the vertebral canal as far as the dorsum of the coccyx. It is a slender strand of fibrous tissue.

Which of the following statements regarding a stretch reflex is/are true?

It provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. It responds to information provided by the stretch receptors of muscle spindles. It is a simple monosynaptic reflex.

The adult spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the inferior border of the __________.

L1 vertebra

Which structure of the spinal cord is only found between segments T1 and L2, and contains visceral motor neurons?

Lateral (intermediate) gray horns

Which nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the serratus anterior muscle?

Long thoracic nerve

What is the correct description of a spinal injury called paraplegia?

Loss of motor control of the lower limbs

A college freshman admitted at a hospital presents with a high fever, severe headache, a stiff neck, nausea, and confusion. The attending resident suspects a case of spinal meningitis, an inflammation of the CNS membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord, usually due to the spread of an infection. Which procedure will most likely confirm this diagnosis?

Lumbar puncture

Which of the meninges is punctured when a woman in labor receives an epidural injection of anesthesia?

None of the meninges is punctured, because the injection is in the epidural space.

Which nerve of the lumbar plexus innervates the adductor muscles of the hip, gracilis muscle, and skin over the medial surface of the thigh?

Obturator nerve

Which connective tissue covering of a peripheral nerve is a central layer composed of collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and fibrocytes, and divides the nerve into a series of fascicles?

Perineurium

Which nerve of the cervical plexus is extremely important, in that it innervates the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve

Where are the denticulate ligaments located?

Pia mater

Which layer of the spinal meninges is the innermost layer, and is firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue?

Pia mater

Which structure of the spinal cord contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei?

Posterior (dorsal) gray horn

Which nerve of the sacral plexus innervates the skin of the perineum and posterior surface of the thigh and leg?

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Which white matter columns are between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus?

Posterior white columns

The arachnoid mater consists of simple squamous epithelium and is separated from the pia mater by which of the following?

Subarachnoid space

If Abby goes to the doctor complaining of numbness in her third, fourth, and fifth phalanges on her hand, what spinal nerve will the doctor know has been affected?

T1

Which of the following correctly describes a feature of the cervical plexus?

The cervical plexus controls breathing by innervating the diaphragm with the phrenic nerve

What is true of all of the axons within a particular tract?

They carry either sensory or motor information. They are of approximately the same diameter. They carry information to approximately the same location.

Which of the following statements regarding nerve plexuses is FALSE?

They exist where dorsal rami are converging and branching to form compound nerves.

Which of the following is not a spinal nerve plexus?

Thoracic

The cervical enlargement supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.

True

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________.

axons of motor neurons

To avoid damaging the spinal cord during a spinal tap, the needle should be inserted _____.

below L1- L2

Epidural anesthesia:

blocks pain but preserves some motor function.

The ulnar nerve is found in the ________ plexus.

brachial

Which nerve plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs?

brachial plexus

The ulnar nerve, which we refer to as our "funny bone" when we strike it, comes from what structure?

brachial plexus, medial cord

Damage to the cervical plexus could interfere with what important process?

breathing

The ventral ramus of each spinal nerve receives motor information from a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back.

false

All of the axons within a particular tract __________.

carry information to approximately the same location carry either sensory or motor information are of approximately the same diameter

The filum terminale and ventral and dorsal spinal cord roots extending distal to the conus medullaris are collectively referred to as the ________.

cauda equina

The lateral gray horns __________.

contain the nuclei for visceral motor nerves

The spinal cord __________.

contains enlarged areas for nerves supplying the upper and lower limbs

The ventral root of a spinal nerve __________.

contains visceral and somatic motor nerve axons

The spinal cord ends at the _____.

conus medullaris

The spinal cord is continuous with the brain and ends at the__________.

conus medullaris

Which of the following terms identifies the most inferior part of the spinal cord?

conus medullaris

The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) ________.

dermatome

Motor fibers travel in the ________ of the spinal cord.

descending tracts

Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ________, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

dorsal root ganglia

If a mosquito lands upon Tyrone's arm, the electrical message conveying the detection of the mosquito would travel through which structure?

dorsal root ganglion

If a motor impulse travels to a sweat gland located on the upper limb, which structure would the impulse NOT pass through?

dorsal root of the spinal nerve

The __________ is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain.

dura mater

What is the last layer of connective tissue that blood vessels must penetrate in order to supply individual axons in a spinal nerve?

endoneurium

The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds an entire spinal nerve is called the __________.

epineurium

The brachial plexus is composed of cutaneous and muscular branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.

false

The subarachnoid space is ________.

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

The median nerve _____.

gets a branch from the medial and lateral cords

The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral ________.

horns

The term for a reflex that is genetically determined is a(n) ________ reflex.

innate

A newborn baby's suckling reflex could be classified as __________.

innate and cranial

A dermatome __________.

is a region of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

The patellar reflex __________

is a stretch reflex that prevents damage to the quadriceps

A nerve plexus _________

is a tangled bundle of spinal nerves formed by the fusion of multiple ventral rami

The spinal meninges __________.

isolate the spinal cord from surrounding tissue absorb shock transmitted up the body when walking, running, or other vigorous motions occur protect the cord from injury that would be caused by rubbing against a vertebral foramen

Injuries in the _________________ spine can cause some impairment in the hips, lower extremities, bowel, and bladder, and may impair sexual functions.

lumbar

Which of the following is correctly matched?

lumbar—5 pair of spinal nerves

Inferior to the ________, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris.

lumbosacral enlargement

Which of the following INCORRECTLY represents the contribution for each of the peripheral nerves?

median Nerve—C5, C6, C8, T1

If Adam is walking through his yard barefoot and steps on a nail, he will withdraw his injured foot yet also extend his other leg so as not to fall. This kind of reflex could be called __________.

polysynaptic

If Adam is walking through his yard barefoot and steps on a nail, he will withdraw his injured foot, yet also extend his other leg so as not to fall. This kind of reflex could be called __________.

polysynaptic

What do the spinal meninges do?

protect the cord from injury that would be caused by rubbing against a vertebral foramen absorb shock transmitted up the body when walking, running, or other vigorous motions occur isolate the spinal cord from surrounding tissue

The denticulate ligaments of the pia mater __________.

protect the spinal cord from side-to-side motion that might damage the cord

The brachial plexus is more complex than the cervical plexus. How is the brachial plexus organized from the spinal nerve to the periphery?

rami → trunks → divisions → cords → nerves

From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following?

roots,trunks,divisions,cords,nerves

The largest nerve in the body that is formed from L4-S3 is the ________.

sciatic nerve

Visceral (autonomic) reflexes control the actions of all of the following, except:

skeletal muscle.

The cervical enlargement _____.

supplies nerves to the upper extremity

Which of the following does not arise from the posterior cord?

suprascapular

All of the following are true of the spinal cord and associated structures, except:

the dorsal roots associated with the spinal segments contain the axons of motor neurons.

All of the following statements are true of the sectional anatomy of the spinal cord, except:

the gray matter contains many myelinated and unmyelinated axons organized in tracts or columns.

In a reflex arc, which step follows the activation of a motor neuron?

the response by the effector

Stretch reflexes provide automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.

true

The regional order from the spinal cord roots is _____.

trunks, divisions, cords, and peripheral nerves


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