Chapter 14- Public Order Crime: sex and substance abuse

social harm

A view that behaviors harmful to other people and society in general must be controlled. These acts are usually outlawed, but some acts that cause enormous amounts of social harm are perfectly legal, such as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the social harm they cause • Acts believed to be extremely harmful to the public are usually outlawed; those which only harm the actor are more likely to be tolerated Most societies have long banned or limited behaviors that are believed to run contrary to social norms, customs, and values. Acts that create social harm are made illegal. However, many acts that most of us deem highly immoral and objectionable are not in fact criminal. There are no laws banning superbia (hubris/pride), avaritia (avarice/greed), luxuria (extravagance or lust), invidia (envy), gula (gluttony), ira (wrath), and acedia (sloth) even though they are considered the "seven deadly sins." Nor is it a crime to ignore the pleas of a drowning child, even though to do so might be considered callous, coldhearted, and unfeeling. Some acts that cause enormous amounts of social harm are perfectly legal, while others that many people consider virtually harmless are outlawed and severely punished. It is now estimated that more than 500,000 deaths in the United States each year can be linked to the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, yet these "deadly substances" remain legal to produce and sell. Similarly, sports cars and motorcycles that can accelerate to more than 150 miles per hour are perfectly legal to sell and possess even though almost 40,000 people die each year in car accidents, while fewer than 20,000 die from illicit drug overdoses (another 20,000 succumb to prescription drug overdoses). theory of social harm, if more people die each year from alcohol, tobacco, and automobile-related causes than illicit drugs, shouldn't cocaine and heroin be legalized and Corvettes, Johnny Walker, and Marlboros outlawed? But they are not.

Arrestee Data

ADAM was a federal data collection effort to collect data on drug use problems at 5 city jails around the county. Data is collected on drug use among felony arrest. About 225 males and the whole female arrestee population are interviewed using a long pencil and paper survey and a urine test to verify their drug use. Urine is analyzed for 10 drugs. Crack/cocaine is the runaway drug of choice among your average arrestee. Jail interviewing cause problems? 90% agree to 80% agree to interview. And consistently positive rates of mainly cocaine. We'll end here, as it's pretty well known that many psycho-active drugs are against the law. As far as legalization, students will review the platform of the Drug Policy Alliance from textbook. ADAM II is a federal data collection program that shows drug use patterns among arrestees in five U.S. cities: Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, New York, and Sacramento. In each of these areas, drug use data on 10 illegal substances are collected from adult male arrestees, through voluntary interviews and drug tests, within 48 hours of arrest. The sample of almost 2,000 people was drawn from all adult males arrested, not just those arrested on drug charges. most recent survey available (2013), the proportion of arrestees testing positive for any of the 10 drugs ranged from 63 percent in Atlanta to 83 percent in Chicago and Sacramento. Arrestees testing positive for multiple drugs in their system ranged from 12 percent in Atlanta to 50 percent in Sacramento. Marijuana remained the most commonly detected drug, from 34 percent of testing positive in Atlanta to 59 percent in Sacramento. Those who obtained marijuana in the prior 30 days reported little difficulty obtaining the drug, indicating an overall high availability of the drug in all sites. The most disturbing trend in the arrest data is that from 2000 to 2013 the proportion of arrestees testing positive for opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine, synthetic opiates) in their systems at the time of arrest rose significantly in all sites; for example, in Sacramento the rate doubled, from 4 to 8 percent, and in Denver it increased from 3 to 18 percent. On a more positive note, in 2013, cocaine use continued a significant decline in all sites since 2000, including the self-reported use of crack, which has declined more than 50 percent in most places since 2007. Despite these variations and trends, the drug-crime connection is strongly supported by the ADAM II data.

Sexually Related Offenses

August 24, 2009, Phillip Garrido, a long-time sex offender, was placed under arrest for the kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard, a California girl who had been abducted on June 10, 1991, when she was 11 years old. She had been held captive for 18 years and raped repeatedly, bearing him two children. In 2011, Garrido was sentenced to 431 years in prison; his wife received a sentence of 36 to life. The highly regarded 2015 film Room, whose lead actress Brie Larson won an Academy Award, is based on the Dugard case. On October 1, 1993, 12-year-old Polly Klaas was having a slumber party when a man holding a knife entered her bedroom, tied up all the girls, put pillow cases over their heads, and kidnapped the sobbing Polly. Her body was found three months later. Her kidnapper and killer, Richard Allen Davis, is currently on death row in California. On June 5, 2002, Elizabeth Smart was abducted from her bedroom in Salt Lake City, Utah, and held captive until found nine months later. Elizabeth had been kidnapped by Brian David Mitchell, who was indicted for her kidnapping and sent to a mental health facility after being ruled mentally unfit to stand trial. After six years in psychiatric custody Mitchell was deemed fit to stand trial. Found guilty of rape and kidnapping, he was sentenced to life in prison on May 25, 2011. Between 2002 and 2004, Ariel Castro kidnapped Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry, and Georgina "Gina" DeJesus and held them in his house on Seymour Avenue in Cleveland until May 6, 2013, when Berry was able to shout through a locked door and alert the neighbors. The women had been raped and beaten continually. Knight had become pregnant five times and endured miscarriage brought on by beatings and starvation. Berry had also become pregnant and had a 6-year-old daughter at the time of her rescue. After his arrest, Castro pleaded guilty to 937 criminal counts of rape, kidnapping, and aggravated murder and was sentenced to life in prison without the chance of parole plus 1,000 years. Castro hanged himself in his prison cell within a month of his incarceration. While these cases are extreme, each year about 100 children are abducted by strangers and thousands more by family members. In addition, thousands of children are subjected to some form of sexual exploitation, including sexual abuse, prostitution, pornography, and molestation. Because of these alarming statistics and also because some sexual practices are believed to cause social harm, society has long criminalized what are considered to be deviant sexual practices. Three of the most common offenses, paraphilias, prostitution, and obscenity and pornography

The Law and Child Pornography

Because the use of children in pornography is considered so serious, kiddie porn is usually a separate legal category that involves either the creation or reproduction of materials depicting minors engaged in actual or simulated sexual activity ("sexual exploitation of minors") or the publication or distribution of obscene, indecent, or harmful materials to minors. Fearing the proliferation of kiddie porn over the Internet, Congress enacted the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA) that outlawed sexually related material that used or appeared to use children under 18 engaging in sexual conduct. In Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court struck down sections of the CPPA relating to virtual kiddie porn: sexually related material in which an actual child appears is illegal, but possessing "virtual" pornography is legal. The Court reasoned that real children are not harmed with a virtual child. PROTECT Act of 2003 (Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children), which outlawed virtual kiddie porn that makes it almost impossible to distinguish the difference between a real child and a morphed or created image. The Supreme Court reviewed this law in a 2008 case, United States v. Williams, which concerned Michael Williams, who was convicted in federal district court of "pandering" (promoting) child pornography under the PROTECT Act. At trial, the district court held that the government can legitimately outlaw the pandering of material as child pornography, even if the images are computer generated, if they were being offered to someone who thought they were buying images of real children. The Court noted that offers to engage in illegal transactions are excluded from First Amendment protection, so that the "speech" of an individual claiming to be in possession of child pornography is therefore not protected by the First Amendment. The Court also stated that the law did not violate due process because its requirements were clear and could be understood by courts, juries, and potential violators. In sum, someone who offers to sell child pornography can be found guilty of a crime even if the images they are selling are fake or computer generated. It is the intent to sell that is the crime; no images are necessary to be convicted. In short, someone who offers to sell child pornography can be found guilty of a crime even if the images they are selling are fake or computer generated. It is the intent to sell that is the crime; no images are necessary to be convicted. These kiddie porn cases often bring very long criminal penalties.

Behavioral Treatments

Behavioral treatments help patients engage in the treatment process, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse, and increase healthy life skills. These treatments can also enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people stay in treatment longer. Outpatient behavioral treatment encompasses a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a clinic at regular intervals. Most of the programs involve individual or group drug counseling. Some programs also offer other forms of behavioral treatment such as: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, which seeks to help patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to abuse drugs Multidimensional family therapy, which was developed for adolescents with drug abuse problems—as well as their families—and addresses a range of influences on their drug abuse patterns and is designed to improve overall family functioning Motivational interviewing, which capitalizes on the readiness of individuals to change their behavior and enter treatment Motivational incentives (contingency management), which uses positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from drugs Residential treatment programs can also be very effective, especially for those with more severe problems. Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in which patients remain at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months. TCs differ from other treatment approaches principally in their use of the community—treatment staff and those in recovery—as a key agent of change to influence patient attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors associated with drug use. Patients in TCs may include those with relatively long histories of drug addiction, involvement in serious criminal activities, and seriously impaired social functioning. TCs are now also being designed to accommodate the needs of women who are pregnant or have children. The focus of the TC is on the resocialization of the patient to a drug-free, crime-free lifestyle. Supporters of treatment argue that many addicts are helped by intensive inpatient and outpatient treatment. As one District of Columbia program shows, clients who complete treatment programs are less likely to use drugs than those who drop out. Although such data support treatment strategies, it is also possible that completers are motivated individuals who would have stopped using drugs even if they had not been treated.

Prostitution Today

The granting of nonmarital sexual access for remuneration. established by mutual agreement of the prostitute, their client, and their employer (i.e., pimp) for remuneration. This definition is sexually neutral because prostitutes can be straight or gay and male or female. Prostitutes are referred to by sociologists as "street-level sex workers" whose activities are similar to any other service industry. These conditions are usually present in a commercial sexual transaction: Activity that has sexual significance for the customer. This includes the entire range of sexual behavior, from sexual intercourse to exhibitionism, sadomasochism, oral sex, and so on. Economic transaction. Something of economic value, not necessarily money, is exchanged for the activity. Emotional indifference. The sexual exchange is simply for economic consideration. Although the participants may know each other, their interaction has nothing to do with affection. Clients believe that the lack of involvement makes hiring a prostitute less of a hassle and less trouble than becoming involved in a romantic relationship Monica Prasad observed these conditions when she interviewed both men and women about their motivation to employ a prostitute. Although their choice was shaped by sexuality, she found that their decision was also influenced by pressure from friends to try something different and exciting, the wish for a sexual exchange free from obligations, and curiosity about the world of prostitution. Prasad found that most customers who became "regulars" began to view prostitution merely as a "service occupation."

Alcohol Abuse

alcohol abuse is another significant national problem. According to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and Health, about 140 million Americans are routine drinkers; of these, 61 million are binge drinkers and 16 million can be classified as heavy alcohol users. In 2014, 23 percent of underage people were current alcohol users, 14 percent were binge alcohol users, and 3 percent were heavy alcohol users. While binge drinking has declined, the survey found that more than one-third of young adults in 2014 were binge alcohol users (and about 1 in 10 were heavy alcohol users). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, which found almost 90 percent of people ages 18 or older report that they drank alcohol at some point in their lifetime; 71 percent report that they drank in the past year; 56 percent reported that they drank in the past month , binge drinking (having five or more alcoholic drinks on the same occasion) can be, and 25 percent of all people surveyed reported that they engage in binge drinking; 7 percent reported that they binged at least once a week. An estimated 17 million Americans have an alcohol disorder; each year in the United States nearly 80,000 people die from alcohol-related causes.

Moral Crusades Today

designed to publicize the differences between behaviors that are considered morally acceptable and those that right-thinking people should consider deviant and unacceptable. Of course, what is right and moral is often in the eye of the beholder. While some moral crusades are aimed at curbing behavior that most of us find objectionable—for instance, animal cruelty or drunk driving—they can also create controversy when they are directed at behaviors engaged in by the majority of citizens. One popular focus for moral crusaders is anti-smut campaigns that target books considered too racy or controversial to be suitable for a public school library. between 2000 and 2009, the Harry Potter series topped the yearly list of books challenged by critics who demanded their removal from school library shelves on charges they promoted Satanism and witchcraft. Among the most often challenged books in 2015 were Looking for Alaska, by John Green; Beyond Magenta: Transgender Teens Speak Out, by Susan Kuklin; Habibi, by Craig Thompson; and Nasreen's Secret School: A True Story from Afghanistan, by Jeanette Winter. The following are the top books banned or challenged in the last decade: Harry Potter series, by J. K. Rowling Alice series, by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor The Chocolate War, by Robert Cormier And Tango Makes Three, by Justin Richardson/Peter Parnell Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou Draw a bright line between behavior that is considered morally acceptable/unacceptable

What Causes Substance Abuse?

most can be characterized as seeing the onset of an addictive career as being either an environmental or a personal matter. subcultural view - view drug abuse as having an environmental basis concentrate on lower-class addiction. Because a disproportionate number of drug abusers are poor, the onset of drug use can be tied to such factors as racial prejudice, devalued identities, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic status, and the high level of mistrust, negativism, and defiance found in impoverished areas. trapped in a cycle of violence, drug abuse, and despair. Youths in these disorganized areas may join peers to learn the techniques of drug use and receive social support for their habit. Research shows that peer influence is a significant predictor of drug careers that actually grow stronger as people mature. Drug use splits some communities into distinct groups of relatively affluent abstainers and desperately poor abusers. Psychological: impaired cognitive functioning, personality disturbance, and emotional problems that can strike people in any economic class. reveal the presence of a significant degree of personal pathology. Studies have found that addicts suffer personality disorders characterized by low frustration tolerance, anxiety, and fantasies of omnipotence. Many addicts exhibit psychopathic or sociopathic behavior characteristics, forming what is called an addiction-prone personality. Statistics from the most recent survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) show that about 44 million Americans age 18 and up experienced some form of mental illness. In the past year, 20 million adults had a substance use disorder. Of these, 8 million people had both a mental disorder and substance use disorder Drugs may help people deal with unconscious needs and impulses and relieve dependence and depression. People may turn to drug abuse as a form of self-medication in order to reduce the emotional turmoil of adolescence, deal with troubling impulses, or cope with traumatic life experiences such as institutional child abuse (kids who were sexually or physically abused in orphanages, mental institutions, juvenile detention centers, day care centers, etc.). Survivors of sexual assault and physical abuse in the home have also been known to turn to drug and alcohol abuse as a coping mechanism. Depressed people may use drugs as an alternative to more radical solutions to their pain such as suicide. Kids who are self-conscious about their body image or who have poor self-esteem may turn to drugs to ease psychological turmoil. Genetic: A number of studies comparing alcoholism among identical twins and fraternal twins have found that the degree of concordance (both siblings behaving identically) is twice as high among the identical twin groups. Taken as a group, studies of the genetic basis of substance abuse suggest that people whose parents were alcoholic or drug dependent have a greater chance of developing a problem than the children of nonabusers, and this relationship occurs regardless of parenting style or the quality of the parent-child relationship. However, not all children of abusing parents become drug dependent themselves, suggesting that even if drug abuse is heritable, environment and socialization must play some role in the onset of abuse Social Learning: drug abuse may also result from observing parental drug use. Parental drug abuse begins to have a damaging effect on children as young as 2 years old, especially when parents manifest drug-related personality problems such as depression or poor impulse control. Children whose parents abuse drugs are more likely to have persistent abuse problems than the children of nonabusers learn that drugs provide pleasurable sensations may be the most likely to experiment with illegal substances; a habit may develop if the user experiences lower anxiety, fear, and tension levels. Having a history of family drug and alcohol abuse has been found to be a characteristic of violent teenage sexual abusers. Heroin abusers report an unhappy childhood that included harsh physical punishment and parental neglect and rejection. Problem Behavior Syndrome: substance abuse is just one of many problem behaviors. Longitudinal studies show that drug abusers are maladjusted, alienated, and emotionally distressed and that drug use is only one among many social problems. Having a deviant lifestyle begins early in life and is punctuated with criminal relationships, family history of substance abuse, educational failure, and alienation. robust support for the interconnection of problem drinking and drug abuse in adolescence and delinquency, precocious sexual behavior, school failure, running away, homelessness, family conflict, and other similar social problems. In adulthood, people who manifest substance abuse problems also exhibit a wide variety of other social and legal problems. Rational Choice: Some may use drugs and alcohol because they want to enjoy their effects: get high, relax, improve creativity, escape reality, and increase sexual responsiveness. Claire Sterk-Elifson's research on middle-class drug-abusing women shows that most were introduced by friends in the context of "just having some fun." Substance abuse, then, may be a function of the rational but mistaken belief that drugs can benefit the user. The decision to use drugs involves evaluations of personal consequences (such as addiction, disease, and legal punishment) and the expected benefits of drug use (such as peer approval, positive affective states, heightened awareness, and relaxation). Adolescents may begin using drugs because they believe their peers expect them to do so.

brothel

A house of prostitution, typically run by a madam who sets prices and handles "business" arrangements.

Who becomes a prostitute?

it is more common for male and female street-level sex workers to come from troubled homes marked by extreme conflict and hostility. Many had experienced sexual trauma at an early age. Future prostitutes were initiated into sex by family members at ages as young as 10 to 12; they have long histories of sexual exploitation and abuse. Young people who get involved in prostitution also have extensive histories of substance abuse, health problems, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social stigmatization, and isolation; they experience the kind of strain that has been linked to deviant behavior choices Often having little family support, they turn to equally troubled peers for survival: self-medicating with drugs and alcohol and self-mutilation are the norm. One survey of street-level sex workers in Phoenix, Arizona, found that women engaging in prostitution have limited educational backgrounds; most did not complete high school. Girls who get into the life report conflict with school authorities, poor grades, and an overly regimented school experience; a significant portion have long histories of drug abuse. Young girls who frequently use drugs and begin using at an early age are most at risk for prostitution to support their habits. Once they get into the life, personal danger begins to escalate. Girls who may be directed toward prostitution because of childhood sexual abuse are also likely to become revictimized as adults. They are hurt when people label and depersonalize them as "whores" or "hookers." Many sex workers struggle with substance use problems, typically involving crack cocaine, cocaine, and/or heroin. STD infections, including HIV, are a daily threat, and while some take precautions, such as using or making their clients use condoms, many sex workers forego protection if pimps and brothel owners forbid it or clients refuse to cooperate. Prostitutes find themselves in a vicious cycle of violence, substance abuse, and AIDS risk. , street prostitutes are stymied by limited education and lack of skills, conditions that make finding employment very difficult. Without means to support themselves and their children, they may think staying on the streets is less risky than leaving prostitution. Sexual abuse: social problem that is a forerunner to prostitution. Young people who get involved in prostitution also have extensive histories of substance abuse, health problems, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social stigmatization, and isolation; they experience the kind of strain that has been linked to deviant behavior choices. Girls who may be directed toward prostitution because of childhood sexual abuse are also likely to become revictimized as adults. Many sex workers struggle with substance use problems, typically involving crack cocaine, cocaine, and/or heroin. Prostitutes find themselves in a vicious cycle of violence, substance abuse, and AIDS risk. Child Prostitution: in contemporary society, child prostitution has been linked to sexual trauma experienced at an early age. Many have long histories of sexual exploitation and abuse. The early experiences with sex help teach them that their bodies have value and that sexual encounters can be used to obtain affection, power, or money. Once they flee an abusive situation at home, kids are vulnerable to life on the streets. Some get hooked up in the sex trade, starting as strippers and lap dancers and drifting into prostitution and pornography. They remain in the trade because they have lost hope and are resigned to their fate.

Prostitution in Other Cultures

Prostitution flourishes abroad, and sex trafficking is now an important source of income for transnational criminal syndicates. In some nations, such as Hungary, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, prostitution is legal and regulated by the government, while other countries punish prostitution with the death penalty. An example of the former is Germany, which has a flourishing legal sex trade. In 2002, Germany passed a new law removing the prohibition against prostitution and allowed prostitutes to obtain regular work contracts and receive health insurance. In turn, the prostitutes were required to register with the authorities and pay taxes. The city of Cologne made headlines when it introduced a sex tax that brings in more than a million dollars per year. Each prostitute pays a tax of 150 euros per month, and sex club owners pay 3 euros per 90 square feet of space in their establishments. Some of the larger German brothels offer senior citizen discounts. Many sex establishments are quite lavish and an estimated 400,000 people work in the German sex trade. In contrast, many Islamic countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia, punish prostitution with death. There is also a troubling overseas trade in prostitution in which men from wealthy countries frequent semi-regulated sex areas in needy nations such as Thailand in order to procure young girls forced or sold into prostitution—a phenomenon known as sex tourism. there has also been a soaring demand for pornography, strip clubs, lap dancing, escorts, and telephone sex in developing countries. To protect children from sex tourism, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 included a provision, referred to as the Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Act, which made it a criminal offense to travel abroad for the purpose of engaging in sexual activity with a minor. Despite these efforts, prosecuting sex tourists is often tricky due to the difficulty of gathering evidence of crimes that were committed in other countries and that involve minor children. Viewing Bangkok and Amsterdam as open areas for prostitution they attract numbers of roving men looking for a sex tourist time. Roehampton University sociologist Kevin Bales, wrote a book with the provocative title, Disposable People, which discussed global slavery, more common at an estimated 28 million, and partially populated by prostitutes. Prostitutes, according to Bales: should be referred to as sex workers. Prostitution in Thailand is a lot like prostitution everywhere. Women often girls go into a selection room. One side of the room has an elevated platform where girls stand under a spotlight. Men glare and appreciate from tables where they are served mandatory drinks and they choose the one they want. To leave with the woman to go have sex, a man must pay the bookkeeper at a window. Then he is led to the girls room. This are 5 x 7 cubicles that hold only a bed. Generally the prostitutes routine begins at about 5 pm when they must put on their make-up and be ready for their after work clientele. An afternoon appointment generally pays better and the girl may be required to be with the man for several hours or a day.

Types of Drug Users and Abusers

Adolescents who distribute Small amounts of drugs: e dealers began their involvement in the drug trade by using and distributing small amounts of drugs; they do not commit any other serious criminal acts. Some start out as "stash dealers" who sell drugs to maintain a consistent access to drugs for their own consumption; their customers are almost always personal acquaintances, including friends and relatives. They are insulated from the legal system because their activities rarely result in apprehension and sanction. Adolescents who frequently sell drugs: A small number of adolescents, most often multiple-drug users or heroin or cocaine users, are high-rate dealers who bridge the gap between adult drug distributors and the adolescent user. Frequent dealers often have adults who "front" for them—that is, loan them drugs to sell without upfront cash. The teenagers then distribute the drugs to friends and acquaintances, returning most of the proceeds to the supplier while keeping a commission for themselves. Frequent dealers are more likely to sell drugs in public and can be seen in known drug user hangouts in parks, schools, or other public places. Deals are irregular, so the chances of apprehension are slight. Teenage Drug Dealers who commit other Delinquent Acts: A more serious type of drug-involved youth comprises those who use and distribute multiple substances and also commit both property and violent crimes; many are gang members. Although these youngsters make up about 2 percent of the teenage population, they commit a significant portion of all robberies, assaults, felony thefts, and drug sales. These youths are frequently hired by older dealers to act as street-level drug runners. Each member of a crew of three to twelve boys will handle small quantities of drugs, perhaps three bags of heroin, which are received on consignment and sold on the street; the supplier receives 50 to 70 percent of the drug's street value. The crew members also act as lookouts, recruiters, and guards. Between drug sales, the young dealers commit robberies, burglaries, and other thefts. Adolescents who cycle in and out of the justice system: Some drug-involved youths are failures at both dealing and crime. They do not have the savvy to join gangs or groups and instead begin committing unplanned, opportunistic crimes that increase their chances of arrest. They are heavy drug users, which both increases apprehension risk and decreases their value for organized drug distribution networks. Drug-involved "losers" can earn a living steering customers to a seller in a "copping" area, "touting" drug availability for a dealer, or acting as a lookout. However, they are not considered trustworthy or deft enough to handle drugs or money. They may bungle other criminal acts, which solidifies their reputation as undesirable. Drug involved youth who continue to commit crimes as adults: two-thirds of substance-abusing youths continue to use drugs after they reach adulthood, about half desist from other criminal activities. Those who persist in both substance abuse and crime as adults exhibit a wide variety of social and developmental problems. Some evidence also exists that these drug-using persisters have low nonverbal IQs and poor physical coordination. outwardly respectable adults who are top level dealers: These dealers are often indistinguishable from other professionals. Upscale dealers seem to drift into dealing from many different walks of life. Some begin as campus dealers who seem just like other students. Frequently they are drawn from professions and occupations that are unstable, have irregular working hours, and accept drug abuse. Some use their business skills and drug profits to get into legitimate enterprises or illegal scams. Others drop out of the drug trade because they are the victims of violent crime committed by competitors or disgruntled customers; a few wind up in jail or prison. Smugglers:import drugs into the United States. They are generally men, middle-aged or older, who have strong organizational skills, established connections, capital to invest, and a willingness to take large business risks. Smugglers are a loosely organized, competitive group of individual entrepreneurs. There is a constant flow in and out of the business as some sources become the target of law enforcement activities, new drug sources become available, older smugglers become dealers, and former dealers become smugglers. Adult PRedatory Drug Users who are frequently arrested: Many users who begin abusing substances in early adolescence continue in drugs and crime in their adulthood. Getting arrested, doing time, using multiple drugs, and committing predatory crimes are a way of life for them. They have few skills, did poorly in school, and have long criminal records. The threat of conviction and punishment has little effect on their criminal activities. These "losers" have friends and relatives involved in drugs and crime. They specialize in robberies, burglaries, thefts, and drug sales. They filter in and out of the justice system and resume committing crimes as soon as they are released. In some populations, at least one-third of adult males are involved in drug trafficking and other criminal acts well into their adulthood. If they make a "big score," perhaps through a successful drug deal, they may significantly increase their drug use. Their increased narcotics consumption then destabilizes their lifestyle, destroying family and career ties. When their finances dry up, they may become street junkies, people whose traditional lifestyle has been destroyed, who turn to petty crime to maintain an adequate supply of drugs. Cut off from a stable source of quality heroin, not knowing from where their next fixes or the money to pay for them will come, looking for any opportunity to make a buck, getting sick or "jonesing," being pathetically unkempt and unable to maintain even the most primitive routines of health or hygiene, street junkies live a very difficult existence. Because they are unreliable and likely to become police informants, street junkies pay the highest prices for the poorest quality heroin; lack of availability increases their need to commit habit-supporting crimes. Adult Predatory Drug Users Who Are Rarely Arrested: Some drug users are "winners." They commit hundreds of crimes each year but are rarely arrested. On the streets, they are known for their calculated violence. Their crimes are carefully planned and coordinated. They often work with partners and use lookouts to carry out the parts of their crimes that have the highest risk of apprehension. These "winners" are more likely to use recreational drugs, such as coke and pot, than the more addicting heroin or opiates. Some become high-frequency users and risk apprehension and punishment. But for the lucky few, their criminal careers can stretch for up to 15 years without interruption by the justice system. referred to as stabilized junkies who have learned the skills needed to purchase and process larger amounts of heroin. Their addiction enables them to maintain normal lifestyles, although they may turn to drug dealing to create contacts with drug suppliers. They are employable, but earning legitimate income does little to reduce their drug use or dealing activities Less predatory Drug-involved adult offenders: Most adult drug users are petty criminals who avoid violent crime. These occasional users are people just beginning their addiction, who use small amounts of narcotics, and whose habit can be supported by income from conventional jobs; narcotics have relatively little influence on their lifestyles. They are typically high school graduates and have regular employment that supports their drug use. They usually commit petty thefts or pass bad checks. They stay on the periphery of the drug trade by engaging in such acts as helping addicts shoot up, bagging drugs for dealers, operating shooting galleries, renting needles and syringes, and selling small amounts of drugs. These petty criminal drug users do not have the stomach for a life of hard crime and drug dealing. They violate the law in proportion to the amount and cost of the drugs they are using. Pot smokers have a significantly lower frequency of theft violations than daily heroin users, whose habit is considerably more costly. Outwardly respectable adults who are frequent users: drug users continue their activities into their adulthood, while others may initiate drug use as part of a new lifestyle developed in adulthood. These users may be successful college graduates who become caught up in the club scene in major cities and get involved in recreational drug use. Surveys of urban young adults find that almost 40 percent report usage of at least one club drug. Another element of the outwardly respectable adult drug abuser is that he or she uses illegal substances to enhance their professional careers. The number of outwardly respectable drug users is expected to rise as the aging baby boomers, who grew up in the drug culture, both live longer and continue to use banned substances. Evidence shows that this group, who may amount to 70 million people by 2030, will continue to use illegal substances in amounts previously unheard of for people of their age and lifestyle. Drug involved female offenders: Women who are drug-involved offenders constitute a separate type of substance abuser. Although women are far less likely than men to use addictive drugs, research conducted by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University found that 15 million girls and women use illicit drugs or abuse controlled prescription drugs, 32 million smoke cigarettes, and 6 million are alcohol abusers and alcoholics. Substance abuse is nondiscriminatory and affects all women—rich, poor, young, old, urban, rural, professional, and homemaker. women who abuse substances are more likely to get involved in prostitution and low-level drug dealing; a few become top-level dealers. Many are pregnant or are already mothers, and because they share needles, they are at high risk of contracting AIDS and passing the HIV virus to their newborn children. They maintain a high risk of victimization. One study of 171 women using crack cocaine found that since initiating crack use, 62 percent reported suffering a physical attack and 32 percent suffered rape; more than half were forced to seek medical care for their injuries

Porongraphy and the Law

All states and the federal government prohibit the sale and production of pornographic material. Under existing federal law, trafficking in obscenity (18 U.S.C. Sec. 1462, 1464, 1466), child pornography (18 U.S.C. Sec. 2252), harassment (18 U.S.C. Sec. 875(c)), illegal solicitation or luring of minors (18 U.S.C. Sec. 2423(b)), and threatening to injure someone (18 U.S.C. Sec. 875(c)) are all felonies punished by long prison sentences. the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects free speech and prohibits police agencies from limiting the public's right of free expression. This legal protection has sent the government along a torturous road in the attempt to define when material is criminally obscene and eligible for legal control. Supreme Court held in the twin cases of Roth v. United States and Alberts v. California that the First Amendment protects all "ideas with even the slightest redeeming social importance—unorthodox ideas, controversial ideas, even ideas hateful to the prevailing climate of opinion, but implicit in the history of the First Amendment is the rejection of obscenity as utterly without redeeming social importance." In the 1966 case of Memoirs v. Massachusetts, the Supreme Court again required that for a work to be considered obscene it must be shown to be "utterly without redeeming social value." These decisions left unclear how obscenity is defined. To rectify the situation, the Supreme Court redefined its concept of obscenity in the case of Miller v. California: The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be (a) whether the average person applying contemporary community standards would find that the work taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest; (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. To convict a person of obscenity under the Miller doctrine, the state or local jurisdiction must specifically define obscene conduct in its statute, and the pornographer must engage in that behavior. The Court gave some examples of what is considered obscene: "patently offensive representations or descriptions of masturbation, excretory functions and lewd exhibition of the genitals." The Miller doctrine has been criticized for not spelling out how community standards are to be determined. The Miller doctrine has been criticized for not spelling out how community standards are to be determined. Obviously, a plebiscite cannot be held to determine the community's attitude for every trial concerning the sale of pornography. it does not seem possible that objective community standards actually exist and that there is a consensus on what material is outlawed and what is acceptable. To resolve this dilemma, in Pope v. Illinois the Supreme Court articulated a reasonableness doctrine: a work is not obscene if a reasonable person applying objective standards would find that the material in question has at least some social value. The Court ruled that the proper jury instruction for the third prong of the Miller obscenity test should be whether a reasonable person would find value in the material taken as a whole, not whether an ordinary member of any given community would find serious value in the supposedly obscene material. The work does not have to be accepted by a majority of the community to be protected, and the value of the work does not vary from community to community.

Does Pornography cause violence?

An issue critical to the debate over pornography is whether viewing it produces sexual violence or assaultive behavior. The evidence is mixed; there is no clear-cut evidence that viewing sexually explicit material has an effect on sexual violence. There seem to be relatively minor differences in sexual aggression between men who report using pornography very frequently and those who said they rarely used it at all. Put simply, if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and cultural factors, exposure to pornography may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors. But even high levels of exposure to pornography do not turn nonaggressive men into sexual predators. It is possible that viewing erotic material may act as a safety valve for those whose impulses might otherwise lead them to violence. Viewing prurient material may have the unintended side effect of satisfying erotic impulses that otherwise might result in more sexually aggressive behavior. Mixed evidence: some studies indicate that explicit material has little connection to violence; others studies suggest that pornography can trigger aggressive sexual inclinations

anomic theory

Anomie does not explain cocaine use by people who have achieved notable social and economic success in either criminal or noncriminal enterprises. Known as successful, Larry Kudlow; Jim Cary; Robert Downey Jr; Whitney Houston; Kate Moss.

Binge Drinking

Having five or more drinks on the same occasion (that is, at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days.

vigilantes

Individuals who go on moral crusades without any authorization from legal authorities. The assumption is that it is okay to take matters into your own hands if the cause is right and the target is immoral. held a strict standard of morality that, when they caught their prey, resulted in sure and swift justice.

moral entrepreneurs

Interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order in such a way as to promote their own personal set of moral values. People who use their influence to shape the legal process in ways they see fit.

Law and Morality

Legislation of moral issues has continually frustrated lawmakers because many of their constituents see little harm in visiting a prostitute or smoking some pot. It is, however, more difficult to sympathize with or even identify the victims of immoral acts, such as pornography or prostitution, where the parties involved may be willing participants. On July 16, 2007, conservative Republican Senator David Vitter of Louisiana publicly apologized after his telephone number showed up in the phone records of Pamela Martin and Associates, the prostitution ring run in the nation's capital by "D.C. Madam" Deborah Jeane Palfrey. "This was a very serious sin in my past for which I am, of course, completely responsible," Vitter said remorsefully. Soon after he issued his statement, Jeanette Maier, a former madam who ran a house of prostitution in New Orleans, claimed Vitter was also a client in her brothel. Vitter called marriage "the most important social institution in human history." He also opposes sex education and abortion and has earmarked money for Christian groups who oppose the teaching of evolution. Senator Vitter was not alone in enjoying the services of the D.C. Madam; also on her call list were Randall L. Tobias, who was forced to step down as deputy secretary of state, and Harlan K. Ullman, the military affairs scholar who created the Pentagon's concept known as "shock and awe." With his opponent constantly bringing up the prostitution issue, Vitter lost the governor's race in 2015 and announced he would not run again for the Senate. This leads some scholars or ordinary citizens to declare prostitution as a "victimless" crime where one consenting adult provides the service and another procures it. Where is the crime, with (mainly) women engaging in highly paid sex work and men paying for these services. This occurs in large cities and small towns through different types of the prostitution trade. It has been estimated that women involved in street prostitution are 60 to 100 times more likely to be murdered than the average woman and that most of the killings are the result of a dispute over money rather than being sexually motivated. Clearly prostitution carries with it significant professional risk. And while some women may voluntarily perform in adult films critics such as Andrea Dworkin point out that women involved in pornography are "dehumanized—turned into objects and commodities. Even if public order crimes do not actually harm their participants, perhaps society as a whole should be considered the victim of these crimes. Control over a people's morality is nothing new and has been enforced since ancient times. The biblical people's of Sodom and Gomorrah so tested Abraham's God that both cities were destroyed. Time hasn't changed in terms of scholar decrying the behaviors they define as immoral. Called crimes, according to our text, because, "it is one of the functions of the criminal law to give expression to the collective feeling of revulsion toward certain acts, even when they are not very dangerous." Yet, how can courts define porn when serious "art" also fits their definition. Sociologist, Joseph Gusfield, looked at just this question, and argued that the purpose of outlawing immoral acts is to show the moral superiority of those who condemn the acts over those who partake of them. The legislation of morality "enhances the social status of groups carrying the affirmed culture and degrades groups carrying that which is condemned as deviant". In other words, sounds like a pure power play.

Child Prostitution

It was routine for poor young girls to serve as prostitutes in nineteenth-century England. In contemporary society, child prostitution has been linked to sexual trauma experienced at an early age. Many have long histories of sexual exploitation and abuse. The early experiences with sex help teach them that their bodies have value and that sexual encounters can be used to obtain affection, power, or money. Each year in the United States, thousands of children are subjected to some form of sexual exploitation, which often begins with sexual assaults by relatives and acquaintances, such as a teacher, coach, or a neighbor. Abusers are nearly always men, many married with children. Once they flee an abusive situation at home, kids are vulnerable to life on the streets. Some get hooked up in the sex trade, starting as strippers and lap dancers and drifting into prostitution and pornography. They remain in the trade because they have lost hope and are resigned to their fate. Some meet pimps who quickly turn them to a life of prostitution and beat them if they do not make their daily financial quotas. Others who fled to the streets exchange sex for money, food, and shelter. Some have been traded between prostitution rings, and others are shipped from city to city and even trafficked overseas as prostitutes. In 2014, 580 minors under 18 were arrested on charges of prostitution; of these, about 75 were children age 15 and younger, some under 10 years of age. One danger of child prostitution is that it leaves permanent damage. The women Jolanda Sallmann interviewed shared stories of feeling permanently altered by their prostitution and substance use. Although the majority of participants were no longer using substances or exchanging sex, they could not escape their past lives.

Employment Programs

One approach is the supported work program, which typically involves job-site training, ongoing assessment, and job-site intervention. Rather than teach work skills in a classroom, support programs rely on helping drug abusers deal with real work settings. Other programs that have merit provide training to overcome barriers to employment and improve work skills, including help with motivation, education, experience, the job market, job-seeking skills, and personal issues. Christopher Uggen and Sarah Shannon interviewed young adults leaving drug treatment to find out whether finding employment helped reduce their substance abuse levels. They found that while finding employment did not actually reduce subjects' dependence on cocaine and/or heroin, it did correlate favorably with reducing their involvement in crime. The rate of robbery and burglary arrests fell by approximately 46 percent for the users who found meaningful work. The implication is that drugs themselves are not a cause of crime; rather, it's the lack of income experienced by most users that accounts for their involvement in criminal activity.

included in paraphilias

Pedophilia or paedophilia. A sexual attraction by an adult or late adolescent to prepubescent children, generally age 11 years or younger. Frotteurism. Rubbing against or touching a nonconsenting person in a crowd, elevator, or other public area. Voyeurism (peeping Tom). Obtaining sexual pleasure from spying on a stranger while he or she disrobes or engages in sexual behavior with another. Exhibitionism (flashing). Deriving sexual pleasure from exposing the genitals to surprise or shock a stranger. Asphyxiophilia. Self-strangulation that restricts the supply of oxygen or blood to the brain in order to increase sexual intensity. Sadomasochism. Deriving pleasure from receiving pain or inflicting pain on a willing partner.

education strategies

School programs designed to give students the skills for resisting peer pressure to experiment with tobacco, drugs, and alcohol are called _____________. substance abuse would decline if kids could be taught about the dangers of drug use. The most widely known drug education program, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.), began as an elementary school course designed to give students the skills for resisting peer pressure to experiment with tobacco, drugs, and alcohol. Research in the 1990s found that D.A.R.E. made only a marginal impact on student drug use and attitudes. These evaluations caused D.A.R.E. to revise its curriculum. It is now a K-12 program primarily aimed at older students and relies more on having them question their assumptions about drug use than on listening to lectures on the subject. School based prevention: Caring School Community Program (formerly Child Development Project). This is a universal family-plus-school program to reduce risk and strengthen protective factors among elementary school children. The program focuses on strengthening students' sense of community and connection to school. Research shows that this sense of community has been key to reducing drug use, violence, and mental health problems, while promoting academic motivation and achievement. Classroom-Centered (CC) and Family-School Partnership (FSP) Intervention. These are universal 1st-grade interventions to reduce later onset of violence and aggressive behavior and to improve academic performance. Program strategies include classroom management and organizational strategies, reading and mathematics curricula, parent-teacher communication, and children's behavior management in the home. Guiding Good Choices (GGC) (formerly Preparing for the Drug-Free Years). This curriculum was designed to educate parents on how to reduce risk factors and strengthen bonding in their families. In five two-hour sessions, parents are taught skills in family involvement and interaction; setting clear expectations, monitoring behavior, and maintaining discipline; and other family management and bonding approaches. Life Skills Training (LST). LST is a universal program for middle school students designed to address a wide range of risk and protective factors by teaching general personal and social skills, along with drug resistance skills and education. An elementary school version was recently developed, and the LST booster program for high school students helps to retain the gains of the middle school program. Lions-Quest Skills for Adolescence (SFA). SFA is a commercially available, universal, life skills education program for middle school students in use in schools nationwide. The focus is on teaching skills for building self-esteem and personal responsibility, communication, decision making, resisting social influences and asserting rights, and increasing drug use knowledge and consequences. Project ALERT. Project ALERT is a two-year universal program for middle school students, designed to reduce the onset and regular use of drugs among youth. It focuses on preventing the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. Project ALERT Plus, an enhanced version, has added a high school component, which is being tested in 45 rural communities. Project STAR. Project STAR is a comprehensive drug abuse prevention community program to be used by schools, parents, community organizations, the media, and health policy makers. The middle school portion focuses on social influence and is included in classroom instruction by trained teachers over a two-year timetable. The parent program helps parents work with children on homework, learn family communication skills, and get involved in community action. Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS). PATHS is a comprehensive program for promoting emotional health and social skills. The program also focuses on reducing aggression and behavior problems in elementary school children, while enhancing the educational process in the classroom. Skills, Opportunity, and Recognition (SOAR). This universal school-based intervention for grades 1 through 6 seeks to reduce childhood risks for delinquency and drug abuse by enhancing protective factors. The multicomponent intervention combines training for teachers, parents, and children during the elementary grades to promote children's bonding to school, positive school behavior, and academic achievement. Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14). This universal evidence-based program offers seven two-hour sessions, each attended by youth and their parents, and is designed to help families have better communication skills, teach peer pressure skills, and prevent teen substance abuse. It has been conducted through partnerships that include state university researchers, cooperative extension staff, local schools, and other community organizations. National Drug and Alcohol Facts Week (NDAFW). This is a national health observance for teens to promote local events that use the National Institute on Drug Abuse's "NIDA science" to "shatter the myths" about drugs.

Types of Prostitues

Streetwalkers: Prostitutes who work the streets in plain sight of police, citizens, and customers are referred to as hustlers, hookers, or streetwalkers. Although glamorized by the Julia Roberts character in the film Pretty Woman (who winds up with a billionaire played by Richard Gere), streetwalkers are considered the least attractive, lowest paid, most vulnerable men and women in the profession. They are most likely to be impoverished members of ethnic or racial minorities. Many are young runaways who gravitate to major cities to find a new, exciting life and escape from sexual and physical abuse at home streetwalkers tend to be younger than other prostitutes, start working at a younger age, and have less education. More use money from sex work for drugs and use drugs at work; they are more likely than other prostitutes to be the targets of extreme forms of violence wear bright clothing, makeup, and jewelry to attract customers, and they take their customers to hotels. The term hooker, however, is not derived from the ability of streetwalkers to hook clients on their charms. It actually stems from the popular name given women who followed Union General "Fighting Joe" Hooker's army during the Civil War. Because streetwalkers must openly display their occupation, they are likely to be involved with the police. there are a variety of working styles among women involved in street-based prostitution. Some are controlled by pimps who demand and receive a major share of their earnings. Others are independent entrepreneurs interested in building stable groups of steady clients. Another group might manipulate and exploit their customers and may engage in theft and blackmail. The street life is very dangerous. Teela Sanders's research on the everyday life of British sex workers found that street-level prostitutes use rational decision making and learning experiences to reduce the risk of violent victimization. Experienced sex workers are able to come up with protective strategies that help them manage the risk of the profession. Most do not randomly accept all clients and eliminate those they consider dangerous or threatening. Sanders found that they develop methods to deal with the emotional strain of the work as well as techniques to maintain their privacy and keep their "occupation" hidden from family and neighbors. Bar Girls: B-girls, as they are also called, spend their time in bars, drinking and waiting to be picked up by customers. Although alcoholism may be a problem, B-girls usually work out an arrangement with the bartender so they are served diluted drinks or water colored with dye or tea, for which the customer is charged an exorbitant price. In some bars, the B-girl is given a credit for each drink she gets the customer to buy. It is common to find B-girls in towns with military bases and large transient populations. Brothel Prostitutes: work in brothel, cathouses, and run by a madam Call Girls: Some charge customers thousands per night and net hundreds of thousands per year. Some gain clients through employment in escort services, and others develop independent customer lists. Many call girls come from middle-class backgrounds and service upper-class customers. Attempting to dispel the notion that their service is simply sex for money, they concentrate on making their clients feel important and attractive. Working exclusively via telephone "dates," call girls get their clients by word of mouth or by making arrangements with bellhops, cab drivers, and so on. Upon retiring, a call girl can sell her "date book" listing client names and sexual preferences for thousands of dollars. Despite the lucrative nature of their business, call girls suffer considerable risk by being alone and unprotected with strangers. They often request the business cards of their clients to make sure they are dealing with "upstanding citizens."

Costs continued

Tobacco - health care - 130 billion over all 295 billion alc - 25 billion 224 billion illicit drugs 11 billion 193 billion

victimless crimes

Violations of the criminal law without any identifiable evidence of an individual victim who has suffered damage from the crime.

Moral Crusades and Crusaders

early West, vigilance committees were set up in San Francisco and other boom towns to pursue cattle rustlers and stagecoach robbers and to dissuade undesirables from moving in avenging vigilante has remained part of popular culture. Fictional do-gooders who take it on themselves to enforce the law, battle evil, and personally deal with those whom they consider immoral have become enmeshed in the public consciousness. the righteous vigilante is expected to go on moral crusades without any authorization from legal authorities. The assumption that it is okay to take matters into your own hands if the cause is right and the target is immoral is not lost on the younger generation. Gang boys sometimes take on the street identity of "Batman" or "Superman" so they can battle their rivals with impunity. members of special interest groups are also ready to do battle. Public order crimes often trace their origin to moral crusaders who seek to shape the law toward their own way of thinking; Howard Becker calls them moral entrepreneurs. These rule creators, argues Becker, operate with an absolute certainty that their way is right and that any means are justified to get their way: "The crusader is fervent and righteous, often self-righteous." Today's moral crusaders take on such issues as prayer in school, gun ownership, same-sex marriage, abortion, and the distribution of sexually explicit books and magazines. During the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, used magazine articles, public appearances, and public testimony to sway public opinion about the dangers of marijuana, which until that time was legal to use and possess. In testimony before the House Ways and Means Committee, considering passage of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1938, Anslinger stated: In Florida a 21-year-old boy under the influence of this drug killed his parents and his brothers and sisters. The evidence showed that he had smoked marihuana. In Chicago recently two boys murdered a policeman while under the influence of marihuana. Not long ago we found a 15-year-old boy going insane because, the doctor told the enforcement officers, he thought the boy was smoking marihuana cigarettes. They traced the sale to some man who had been growing marihuana and selling it to these boys all under 15 years of age, on a playground there. As a result of Anslinger's efforts, a deviant behavior—marijuana use—became a criminal behavior, and previously law-abiding citizens were defined as criminal offenders. Public order, or vice, crimes often trace their origin to "moral crusaders" defined as those who seek to shape the law toward their own way of thinking; sociologist Howard Becker calls them moral entrepreneurs. These rule creators, argues Becker, operate with an absolute certainty that their way is right and that any means are justified by their overwhelming self-righteousness.

prostitution

the granting of nonmarital sexual access for remuneration • The term prostitution derives from the Latin prostituere, which means "to cause to stand in front of." Prostitution has existed for thousands of years. The term derives from the Latin prostituere, which means "to cause to stand in front of." The prostitute is viewed as publicly offering his or her body for sale. The earliest record of prostitution appears in ancient Mesopotamia, where priests engaged in sex to promote fertility in the community. All women were required to do temple duty, and passing strangers were expected to make donations to the temple after enjoying its services Modern commercial sex appears to have its roots in ancient Greece, where Solon established licensed brothels in 500 bce. The earnings of Greek prostitutes helped pay for the temple of Aphrodite. Famous men openly went to prostitutes to enjoy intellectual, aesthetic, and sexual stimulation; prostitutes, however, were prevented from marrying. During the Middle Ages, although prostitution was a sin under canon law, it was widely practiced and considered a method of protecting "respectable" women who might otherwise by attacked by young men. In 1358, the Grand Council of Venice declared that prostitution was "absolutely indispensable to the world." Some church leaders such as St. Thomas Aquinas condoned prostitution; St. Augustine wrote, "If you expel prostitution from society, you will unsettle everything on account of lusts." Nonetheless, prostitution was officially condemned, and women were confined to ply their trade in certain areas of the city and required to wear distinctive outfits so they could be easily recognized. Any official tolerance disappeared after the Reformation. Martin Luther advocated abolishing prostitution on moral grounds, and Lutheran doctrine depicted prostitutes as emissaries of the devil who were sent to destroy the faith early nineteenth century, prostitution was tied to the rise of English breweries: saloons controlled by the companies employed prostitutes to attract patrons and encourage them to drink. This relationship was repeated in major U.S. cities, such as Chicago, until breweries were forbidden to own the outlets that distributed their product. As the twentieth century began, there was fear over "white slavery" whereby young girls were abducted and turned out on the street as prostitutes. Jane Addams, one of the most famous and influential social reformers of this era, was deeply concerned about the white slave trade. In her 1912 book A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, she described accounts of victims of white slavery during her work at Hull House, a Chicago refuge for the needy. Addams believed that rural American or immigrant girls who became sex workers were victims of sexual slavery and in need of rescue and reform. Though Addams was a vocal opponent of legalized prostitution, her work and writings spurred efforts to regulate prostitution in the United States through medical supervision and the licensing and zoning of brothels in districts outside residential neighborhoods. During and after World War I, prostitution became associated with disease, and the desire to protect young servicemen from harm helped to end almost all experiments with legalization. Some reformers attempted to paint pimps and procurers as immigrants who used their foreign ways to snare unsuspecting American girls into prostitution. Such fears prompted passage of the federal Mann Act (1925), which prohibited bringing women into the country or transporting them across state lines for the purposes of prostitution. Often called the "white slave act," it carried a $5,000 fine, five years in prison, or both

When did drug use begin?

thee use of chemical substances to change perception of reality and to provide stimulation, relief, or relaxation has gone on for thousands of years. The opium poppy was first cultivated more than 5,000 years ago and was used by the Persians, Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. Users discovered the bliss that could be achieved by smoking the extract derived from crushing the seed pods; the poppy yielded a pleasurable, peaceful feeling throughout the body. Known as the Hul Gil or "plant of joy," its use spread quickly around the Fertile Crescent. The ancient Greeks knew and understood the problem of drug use. At the time of the Crusades, the Arabs were using marijuana. Western hemisphere, natives of Mexico and South America chewed coca leaves and used "magic mushrooms" in their religious ceremonies. Drug use was also accepted in Europe well into the twentieth century. Recently uncovered pharmacy records circa 1900 to 1920 showed sales of cocaine and heroin solutions to members of the British royal family; records from 1912 show that Winston Churchill, then a member of Parliament, was sold a cocaine solution while staying in Scotland. early years of the United States, opium and its derivatives were easily obtained. Opium-based drugs were used in various patent medicine cure-alls. Morphine was used extensively to relieve the pain of wounded soldiers in the Civil War. By the turn of the twentieth century, an estimated 1 million U.S. citizens were opiate users. Several factors precipitated the current stringent U.S. drug laws. The rural religious creeds of the nineteenth century—especially those of the Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists—emphasized individual human toil and self-sufficiency while designating the use of intoxicating substances as an unwholesome surrender to the evils of urban morality. Religious leaders were thoroughly opposed to the use and sale of narcotics. The medical literature of the late 1800s began to designate the use of morphine and opium as a vice, a habit, an appetite, and a disease. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century police literature described drug users as habitual criminals. Moral crusaders in the nineteenth century defined drug use as evil and directed that local and national entities should outlaw the sale and possession of drugs. Some well-publicized research efforts categorized drug use as highly dangerous. Drug use was also associated with the foreign immigrants recruited to work in factories and mines; they brought with them their national drug habits. Early antidrug legislation appears to be tied to prejudice against immigrating ethnic minorities. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States inherited Spain's opium monopoly in the Philippines. Concern over this international situation, along with the domestic issues just outlined, led the U.S. government to participate in the First International Drug Conference, held in Shanghai in 1908, and a second one at The Hague in 1912. Participants in these two conferences were asked to strongly oppose free trade in drugs. The international pressure, coupled with a growing national concern, led to the passage of the antidrug laws discussed here.

Drug Treatment Strategies

treat known users, getting them clean of drugs and alcohol, and thereby reducing the at-risk population. One approach rests on the assumption that each user is an individual, and successful treatment must be geared to the using patterns and personality of the individual offenders in order to build a sense of self. Some programs have placed abusers in regimens of outdoor activities and wilderness training to create self-reliance and a sense of accomplishment. Others focus on problem-solving skills, helping former and current addicts deal with their real-world issues. Providing supportive housing for formerly homeless drug addicts may also lead to better access to medical care, food, and job opportunities—all of which result in lower levels of addiction intensive efforts use group therapy approaches relying on group leaders who have been substance abusers; through such sessions users get the skills and support to help them reject social pressure to use drugs. These programs are based on the Alcoholics Anonymous approach, which holds that users must find within themselves the strength to stay clean and that peer support from those who understand their experiences can help them achieve a drug-free life. detoxification efforts use medical procedures to wean patients from the more addicting drugs to others, such as methadone, that can be more easily regulated. Methadone is a drug similar to heroin, and addicts can be treated at clinics where they receive methadone under controlled conditions. However, methadone programs have been undermined because some users sell their methadone on the black market and others supplement their dosages with illegally obtained heroin. Other programs utilize drugs such as Naxalone, which counter the effects of narcotics and ease the trauma of withdrawal. Others, such as Naltrexone, are used in conjunction with counseling and social support to help people who have already terminated their substance abuse and help them avoid drinking or using drugs. Naltrexone works by blocking the effects of heroin or other opioids at their receptor sites. Medications have also been developed to ease withdrawal symptoms and help the transition to a drug-free life. Other therapeutic programs attempt to deal with the psychological causes of drug use. Hypnosis, aversion therapy (getting users to associate drugs with unpleasant sensations, such as nausea), counseling, biofeedback, and other techniques are often used. Some treatment programs are delivered on an outpatient basis while others rely on residential care. Which approach is better is still being debated. A stay in a residential program may stigmatize people as addicts and while in treatment they may be introduced to other users with whom they will associate after release. Users do not often enter these programs voluntarily and have little motivation to change. The best treatment for drug use may be a continuum of care that includes a customized treatment regimen—addressing all aspects of an individual's life, including medical and mental health services—and follow-up options (e.g., community- or family-based recovery support systems) that can be crucial to a person's success in achieving and maintaining a drug-free lifestyle. However, relatively few drug-dependent people actually receive the treatment efforts they so desperately need. Many people who need treatment are unaware or in denial. And even those who could be helped soon learn that there are simply more users who need treatment than there are beds in treatment facilities. Many facilities are restricted to users whose health insurance will pay for short-term residential care; when their insurance coverage ends, patients are often released, even though their treatment is incomplete.

Legalize Prostitution?

most research depicts prostitutes as troubled women who have lived troubled lives, there may be a trend for some young women to enter the sex trade as a rational choice based on economic need. Changing sexual mores help reduce or eliminate the stigma attached to prostitution. There is even evidence that students turn to prostitution to help pay tuition bills. One recent research study conducted in Australia found that the sex industry has become attractive to college students as a way to supplement their income during a time of reduced government aid and increasing educational costs. They view sex work as a "normal" form of employment for students seeking to obtain a higher education. If this more liberal attitude toward prostitution becomes normative, should the practice become legal? Slides/notes: there may be a trend for some young women to enter the sex trade as a rational choice based on economic need. Changing sexual mores help reduce or eliminate the stigma attached to prostitution. There is even evidence that students turn to prostitution to help pay tuition bills. In some countries, especially in the Muslim world, prostitution carries the death penalty. In others, such as Holland, prostitutes pay taxes and belong to a union. Other countries, such as Australia, allow adults to engage in prostitution but regulate their activities, such as requiring that they must get timely health checkups. Still other countries, such as Brazil, allow women to become prostitutes but criminalize earning money from the work of prostitutes—that is, serving as a pimp. In the United States, prostitution is illegal in all states, though brothels are legal in a number of counties in Nevada (but not in Las Vegas or Reno). Some feminists have staked out conflicting views of prostitution. One position is that women must become emancipated from male oppression and reach sexual equality. The sexual equality view considers the prostitute a victim of male dominance. In patriarchal societies, male power is predicated on female subjugation, and prostitution is a clear example of this gender exploitation. In contrast, for some feminists, the fight for equality depends on controlling all attempts by men or women to impose their will on women. The free choice view is that prostitution, if freely chosen, expresses women's equality and is not a symptom of subjugation. Advocates of both positions argue that the penalties for prostitution should be reduced (decriminalized); neither side advocates outright legalization. Decriminalization would relieve already desperate women of the additional burden of severe legal punishment. In contrast, legalization might be coupled with regulation by male-dominated justice agencies. Required medical examinations would mean increased governmental control over women's bodies. Both positions have had significant influence around the world. In Sweden, feminists have succeeded in getting legislation passed that severely restricts prostitution and criminalizes any effort to buy sexual activities. In contrast, Holland legalized brothels in 2001 but ordered that they be run under a strict set of guidelines. In her book Brothel, Alexa Albert, a Harvard-trained physician who interviewed young women working at a legal brothel in Nevada, makes a compelling case for legalization. She found that the women remained HIV-free and felt safer working in a secure environment than alone on city streets. Despite long hours and rules that gave too much profit to the owners, the women actually took pride in their work. In addition to the added security, most earned between $300 and $1,500 per day Ronald Weitzer also suggests that prostitution be legalized under strict guidelines. Weitzer believes that using law enforcement and criminal penalties to control prostitution has little effect on sex workers, who will soon return to street life. After evaluating the way prostitution is dealt with around the world, Weitzer presents the argument that getting sex workers off the street by relaxing enforcement against those who work indoors is the best solution to an age-old problem. much safer and suffer far less injury from clients, pimps, and other victimizers; they also suffer less psychological hardship than those who work the streets. Roger Matthews opposes legalizing prostitution. It is foolish, he claims, to view prostitution as "sex work" that should be either legalized and/or tolerated and regulated. An example is Holland's "tolerance zones," where women can engage in prostitution without fear of arrest. After studying street prostitution for more than two decades, Matthew finds that women on the street are extremely desperate, damaged, and disorganized and are at frequent risk for beatings, rape, and other forms of violence. Prostitution is, he concludes, the world's most dangerous occupation. His solution is to treat the women forced into prostitution as victims and the men who purchase their services as the criminals. Matthews believes that, sadly, when governments legalize prostitution, it leads to a massive expansion of the trade, both legal and illegal. Sexual equality view—considers the prostitute a victim of male dominance. • Free choice view—prostitution, if freely chosen, expresses women's equality and is not a symptom of subjugation. • Both positions argue that prostitution should be decriminalized • Both positions have had significant influence around the world

Drug Legalization

there is still no commodity more lucrative than illegal drugs. They cost relatively little to produce and provide large profit margins to dealers and traffickers. At the current average street price of $170 per gram in the United States, a metric ton of pure cocaine is worth more than $150 million; cutting it and reducing purity can double or triple the value futility of drug control efforts is illustrated by the fact that despite massive long-term efforts the price of illegal narcotics such as crack cocaine and heroin has drifted downward as supplies become more plentiful. Considering these problems, some commentators have called for the legalization or decriminalization of restricted drugs. There are enormous profits involved in the drug trade, and few treatment efforts have been successful. There is no uniform method of drug control; some use enforcement and punishment and others rely on treatment and rehabilitation. While the former approach requires drug users to be secretive and discreet in order to avoid detection, the latter demands openness and receptivity to treatment. Some experts believe that the only effective way to deal with the drug problem is through legalization of most drugs and decriminalization of drug offenses. Legalization is warranted because the use of mood-altering substances is customary in almost all human societies; people have always wanted—and will find ways of obtaining—psychoactive drugs. The Drug Policy Alliance, a national organization dedicated to ending the war against drugs, cites a number of reasons why the drug war should end and drugs should be decriminalized: Since the war on drugs began, the Supreme Court has sent a consistent message that when it comes to fighting drug crime, privacy and personal liberties take a back seat. In most drug-related cases brought before the Court, the majority has favored scaling back constitutional protections, clearing the way for drug policies that infringe on our rights to free speech, religious expression, and protection from unreasonable searches. Police now routinely search individuals without cause, raid homes on flimsy evidence, and engage in racial profiling. Employers, schools, and hospitals may conduct suspicionless drug testing. Public health problems like HIV and hepatitis C are all exacerbated by draconian laws that keep users in hiding and restrict their access to clean needles. And when they get caught and go to prison their families suffer: children of inmates are at risk of educational failure, joblessness, addiction, and delinquency. People suffering from cancer, AIDS, and other debilitating illnesses are regularly denied access to their medicine or even arrested and prosecuted for using medical marijuana. Policies that exclude and discriminate against people with a conviction are numerous and varied and have effectively created a permanent second-class status for millions of Americans. Given the systemic racism inherent in the drug war, these lifelong exclusions inequitably affect individuals and communities of color. A drug arrest can result in even a legal resident's deportation. A drug arrest can result in denying child custody, voting rights, employment, business loans, trade licensing, student aid, and even public housing and other public assistance. Relative to the crime being committed, the punishments for drug law violations are unjustifiably harsh and cause more harm than the drug itself. The drug war creates racial discrimination by law enforcement and disproportionate drug war misery suffered by communities of color. Although rates of drug use and selling are comparable across racial lines, people of color are far more likely to be stopped, searched, arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and incarcerated for drug law violations than are whites. The mass criminalization of people of color, particularly young African American men, is as profound a system of racial control as the Jim Crow laws were in this country until the mid-1960s. The drug war is responsible for hundreds of billions of wasted tax dollars and misallocated government spending, as well as devastating human costs that far outweigh the damage caused by drugs alone. The war on drugs has also driven the drug trade underground, creating a violent illicit market that is responsible for far too many lost lives and broken communities. Organized crime, gangs, and drug cartels have the most to gain financially from prohibition, and these profits can easily be funneled into arms smuggling, violence, and corruption. The devastation wrought by Mexican cartels in particular has made it far too costly to continue with a failed prohibition strategy. The DPA is not the only organization to note the expense created by the so-called war on drugs. According to Cato Institute researchers Jeffrey Miron and Katherine Waldock, drug control is now costing $40 billion a year. Not only would legalization save the government enforcement money, it would yield tax revenue of $46.7 billion annually, assuming legal drugs were taxed at rates comparable to those on alcohol and tobacco. Approximately $8.7 billion of this revenue would result from legalization of marijuana and $38 billion from legalization of other drugs. price and distribution could be controlled by the government. This would reduce addicts' cash requirements, so crime rates would drop because users would no longer need the same cash flow to support their habits. Drug-related deaths would decline because government control would reduce needle sharing and the spread of AIDS. Legalization would also destroy the drug-importing cartels and gangs. Because drugs would be bought and sold openly, the government would reap a tax windfall both from taxes on the sale of drugs and from income taxes paid by drug dealers on profits that have been part of the hidden economy. Drug Legalization • Despite the massive effort to control drugs through prevention, deterrence, education, and treatment strategies, the fight against substance abuse has not proved successful. • If drugs were legalized, price and distribution could be controlled by the government, causing crime rates to fall

Drug Control Strategies

A number of drug control strategies have been tried with varying degrees of success. Some aim to deter drug use by stopping the flow of drugs into the country, apprehending and punishing dealers, and cracking down on street-level drug deals. Others focus on preventing drug use by educating potential users to the dangers of substance abuse (convincing them to "say no to drugs") and by organizing community groups to work with the at-risk population in their area. Still another approach is to treat known users so they can control their addictions. Some of these efforts are discussed here.

Crime, Justice, and Gender

Certain crimes are gender specific - disproportionately women are rape victims. Also the crime of prostitution and shoplifting. Then we have areas that a gendered society views as the purveys of women which may include childbearing, lesbian identity, economic equality, standards of beauty. Patriarchal arrangements were followed throughout history so that women were subservient. In the Bible, Joseph and Potiphar were on different social levels, he a servant, she a high official's wife. He later escapes - as he sees the walls fall in. Ultimately Joseph was believed as not trying to seduce the rich man's wife. "Loose" women, perhaps only women without power, were often suspect as to their word in these types of cases.

abortion foes have resorted to violence and murder

Crusaders justify their actions by claiming that society is in danger because of immorality

Alcohol and its prohibition

In the late nineteenth century, a drive was mustered to prohibit the sale of alcohol. This temperance movement was fueled by the belief that the purity of the U.S. agrarian culture was being destroyed by the growth of the city. Urbanism was viewed as a threat to the lifestyle of the majority of the nation's population, then living on farms and in villages. The forces behind the temperance movement were such lobbying groups as the Anti-Saloon League led by Carrie Nation, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the Protestant clergy of the Baptist, Methodist, and Congregationalist faiths. They viewed the growing city, filled with newly arriving Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants, as centers of degradation and wickedness. The propensity of these ethnic people to drink heavily was viewed as the main force behind their degenerate lifestyle. The eventual prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages, brought about by ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, was viewed as a triumph of the morality of middle- and upper-class Americans over the threat posed to their culture by the "new Americans." By 1830, the average American over 15 years old consumed about seven gallons of pure alcohol a year—three times as much as we drink today—and alcohol abuse, primarily by men, was destroying the family structure. Women had few legal rights at the time and were hard-pressed to find avenues of support to protect them from the abuse of drunken husbands. Many married women joined the temperance movement as a means of survival. Prohibition failed. It was enforced by the Volstead Act, which defined intoxicating beverages as those containing one-half of 1 percent, or more, alcohol. What doomed Prohibition? One factor was the use of organized crime to supply illicit liquor. Also, the law made it illegal only to sell alcohol, not to purchase it; this cut into the law's deterrent capability. Finally, despite the work of Eliot Ness and his "Untouchables," law enforcement agencies were inadequate, and officials were likely to be corrupted by wealthy bootleggers. Eventually, in 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution repealed Prohibition, signaling the end of the "noble experiment." notes from class: We began as "a nation of drunkards", and had a hearty indulgence in alcohol. Our early history, the consumption was heavy, but social controls operated to prevent alcoholism in the 1600s when drinking was confined to family or village settings to the 1790s tavern. Ma and Pa Pilgrim drank together and the family was always in earshot. By 1830, the average American, 17 and older, drank 7 gallons of pure alcohol annually, or 3 times what we consume today. Then, based upon the Volstead Act, three-quarters of the states passed the 18th Amendment making the sales of alcohol illegal. The Pilgrim era controls were completely reversed in the Prohibition speakeasy any time after Jan. 1, 1920 and for 13 year drinking was illegal, the whole time. During Prohibition, families didn't together, food was not served with alcohol, and the whole point of going out to drink illegal and expensive liquor was to get drunk. In colonial American, the set and setting was different and the effect was to diminish wanton drunkenness. At that time a male drunkenness cult was really pervasive and liquor was so popular that the army dared not bar the recruitment or reenlistment of habitual drunkards. It wasn't only the lower class, the middle classes attorneys and physicians would argue which was drunker profession of the two. Records from New Hampshire showed that ¼ of the purchases by farmers were alcohol between 1810 and 1833. A decade later that dropped to 1/10 th of the value of the sale. To change that, the USA women like Carrie Nation and Anti-Saloon League or the Women's Christian Temperance Union declared alcohol their enemies. President Abraham Lincoln, a teetotaler, gave us the Emancipation Proclamation. America shall not be free as long as it has slaves ,..........and drunkards. This is his first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation though he had smart advisors who asked him to drop drunkards which he did. We, the US, became an urban nation first by the 1920 census. Today we're roughly 80% urban. China became 50% urban in 2012. Think about what also occurred in January 1, 1920? Prohibition. Why? It was the last hurrah of rural America. And rural homesteaders were mainly farmers/merchants and Protestants. They worshiped their God, worked hard, and wanted little to stand in the way of either. Chicago went from 30,000 around time of Great Chicago fire to 1 million in late 1890s to1900. The surge in population came from 3 main waves. The Irish in 1840s fleeing what? The Germans in the 1860s and the Italians in 1880/90s. Each bringing with them their distinctive culture and drink. Prohibition was the last revenge of the rural Protestants on the country. Prohibition had an effect of enriching the Chicago gangs, to tune of 1 million dollars a day. However, it did decrease drinking in the USA until this day. Things stayed that way until late 1970s with laws entering the neo-prohibition era. Began alcohol warning labels; 21 drinking age; and the enforcement of that, and DWI arrests; end of 2 drinks for entertainment purposes

Interdiction Strategies

Intercept drug supplies as they enter U.S. illegally However, homegrown drugs in U.S. are becoming more prevalent Border patrols and military personnel using sophisticated hardware have been involved in massive interdiction efforts; many impressive multimillion-dollar seizures have been made. While law enforcement efforts are impressive, U.S. borders are so vast and unprotected that total interdiction is impossible. Drug importers have dug cross-border tunnels to evade detection, use go-fast boats and constantly changing trans-shipment points, use an army of "drug mules" to trans-ship narcotics, and may be bribing border guards to look the other way when drug shipments pass through their checkpoints It's possible that homegrown marijuana and laboratory-made drugs, such as "ice," LSD, and PCP, could become the drugs of choice. Even now, their easy availability and relatively low cost are increasing their popularity among the at-risk population. if gov successfully shut down illegal substance importation

moral crusaders

People who strive to stamp out behavior they find objectionable. Typically, moral crusaders are directed at public order crimes, such as drug abuse or pornography. Operate with an absolute certainty that their way or belief is right and that any means are justified to get their way

call girls

Prostitutes who make dates via the phone and then service customers in hotel rooms or apartments. Call girls typically have a steady clientele who are repeat customers.

Controlling Pornography

Sex for profit predates Western civilization. Considering its longevity, there seems to be little evidence that it can be controlled or eliminated by legal means alone. In 1986, the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography advocated a strict law enforcement policy to control obscenity, directing that "the prosecution of obscene materials that portray sexual violence be treated as a matter of special urgency." Since then, there has been a concerted effort by the federal government to prosecute the distribution of obscenity. Law enforcement has been so fervent that industry members have filed suit claiming they are the victims of a "moral crusade" by right-wing zealots. There seem to be relatively minor differences in sexual aggression between men who report using pornography very frequently and those who said they rarely used it at all. Put simply, if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and cultural factors, exposure to pornography may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors. But even high levels of exposure to pornography do not turn non-aggressive men into sexual predators. Violent Pornography: there is a much clearer association between pornography with a violent theme and sexual violence. Research shows that: ■Men who are predisposed to violence are more likely to be sexually aggressive toward women if they are exposed to adult material with themes of rape, violence, and/or sadism ■There is an association between watching violent pornography and engaging in domestic violence ■Serial killers have been found to collect and watch violent pornography. ■Men who are both at high risk for sexual aggression and who are very frequent users of pornography are much more likely to engage in sexual aggression than their counterparts who consume pornography less frequently. controlling sex for profit is difficult because of the public's desire to purchase sexually related material and services. Law enforcement crusades may not necessarily obtain the desired effect. A get-tough policy could make sex-related goods and services scarce, driving up prices and making their sale even more desirable and profitable. Going after national distributors may help decentralize the adult movie and photo business and encourage local rings to expand their activities, by making and marketing videos as well as still photos or distributing them through computer networks. alternative approach has been to restrict the sale of pornography within acceptable boundaries. Some municipal governments have tolerated or even established adult entertainment zones in which obscene material can be openly sold. While these efforts are applauded, the Internet has become a favored method of delivering adult material and one that defies easy regulation since distribution can be international in scope. While there is little effort to control adult porn, law enforcement agencies have focused their attention on the use of children in Internet porn.

Incidence of Prostitution

Uniform Crime Report (UCR) indicates that about 47,000 prostitution arrests are made annually, with the gender ratio about 2 to 1 female to male. The number of arrests for prostitution has declined significantly during the past 20 years; in 1995, the UCR recorded 97,000 arrests for prostitution. slides: UCR indicates that about 80,000 prostitution arrests are made annually, with the gender ratio about two to one female to male The sexual revolution has liberalized sexuality so that people are less likely to use prostitutes because legitimate alternatives for sex are now available. In addition, the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases has caused many people to avoid visiting prostitutes for fear of irreversible health hazards. Despite the decline in the arrest rate, a recent survey by the Urban Institute shows that prostitution still flourishes in major cities.

Drugs and the Law

federal government first initiated legal action to curtail the use of some drugs early in the twentieth century. In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act required manufacturers to list the amounts of habit-forming drugs in products on the labels but did not restrict their use. However, the act prohibited the importation and sale of opiates except for medicinal purposes. In 1914, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act restricted importation, manufacture, sale, and dispensing of narcotics. It defined narcotic as any drug that induces sleep and relieves pain, such as heroin, morphine, and opium. The act was revised in 1922 to allow importation of opium and coca (cocaine) leaves for qualified medical practitioners. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 required registration and payment of a tax by all who imported, sold, or manufactured marijuana. Because marijuana was classified as a narcotic, those registering would also be subject to criminal penalty. In later years, other federal laws were passed to clarify existing drug statutes and revise penalties. The Boggs Act of 1951 provided mandatory sentences for violating federal drug laws. The Durham-Humphrey Act of 1951 made it illegal to dispense barbiturates and amphetamines without a prescription. The Narcotic Control Act of 1956 increased penalties for drug offenders. In 1965, the Drug Abuse Control Act set up stringent guidelines for the legal use and sale of mood-modifying drugs, such as barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, and any other "dangerous drugs," except narcotics prescribed by doctors and pharmacists. Illegal possession was punished as a misdemeanor and manufacture or sale as a felony. In 1970, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act set up unified categories of illegal drugs and associated penalties with their sale, manufacture, or possession. The law gave the U.S. attorney general discretion to decide in which category to place any new drug. various federal laws have attempted to increase penalties imposed on drug smugglers and limit the manufacture and sale of newly developed substances. The 1984 Controlled Substances Act set stringent penalties for drug dealers and created five categories of narcotic and non-narcotic substances subject to federal laws. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 again set new standards for minimum and maximum sentences for drug offenders, increased penalties for most offenses, and created a new drug penalty classification for large-scale offenses (such as trafficking in more than 1 kilogram of heroin), for which the penalty for a first offense was 10 years to life in prison. With President George H. W. Bush's endorsement, Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, which created a coordinated national drug policy under a "drug czar," set treatment and prevention priorities, and, symbolizing the government's hardline stance against drug dealing, imposed the death penalty for drug-related killings. For the most part, state laws mirror federal statutes. Some states now apply extremely heavy penalties for selling or distributing dangerous drugs, involving long prison sentences of up to 25 years. The main disconnect is in the sale and possession of marijuana for personal use, which more than 20 states, including Massachusetts, Colorado, and Washington, have either legalized or significantly decriminalized. In response, the federal government pledged not to enforce laws restricting marijuana in these states.

Consequences of Legalization

legalization approach might have the short-term effect of reducing the crime rate, but it might also have grave social consequences. Legalization would increase the nation's rate of drug usage, creating an even larger group of nonproductive, drug-dependent people who must be cared for by the rest of society. If drugs were legalized and freely available, drug users might significantly increase their daily intake. In countries like Iran and Thailand, where drugs are cheap and readily available, the rate of narcotics use is quite high. Historically, the availability of cheap narcotics has preceded drug-use epidemics, as was the case when British and American merchants sold opium in nineteenth-century China. if the government tried to raise money by taxing legal drugs, as it now does with liquor and cigarettes, that might encourage drug smuggling to avoid tax payments, creating a black market supply chain; these "illegal" drugs might then fall into the hands of adolescents Because women may more easily become dependent on crack than men, the number of drug-dependent babies could begin to match or exceed the number delivered with fetal alcohol syndrome. Drunk-driving fatalities, which today number about 10,000 per year, might be matched by deaths due to driving under the influence of pot or crack. And although distribution would be regulated, it is likely that adolescents would have the same opportunity to obtain potent drugs as they now have to obtain alcoholic beverages. still too early to tell whether applying the policy to other drugs would yield similar benefits. Nor can it be determined what effect an across-the-board drug legalization policy could have on crime and health rates. The answers to these issues have proven elusive.

skeezers

prostitutes who trade sex for drugs, usually crack

ehooking

using the internet to advertise sexual services and make contact with clients may be responsible for a resurgence of sex for hire because it promises services with concealment and without the threat of arrest.

Debating Morality

In 2011, rising political star Anthony Weiner was forced to resign from office after compromising photos he tweeted to women were posted online. At first, Weiner denied responsibility, telling the media that his account had been hacked and/or that the pictures had possibly been altered. Finally, he admitted on June 6, 2011, that he had sent sexually explicit text messages and photographs to several women, both before and after he got married. New York City voters were not forgiving: when Weiner tried a political comeback in 2013, his campaign for mayor of New York was shot down. It did not help him when the media found out that he sent additional women explicit photos using the alias "Carlos Danger." debate over morality has existed for all of recorded history. As the Bible (Genesis 18:20) tells us, God destroyed the "Cities of the Plain" because "The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great and their sin so grievous." Though Abraham begs God for mercy, his prayers go unanswered because, despite a posse of angels looking for them, 10 righteous residents could not be found. Punishing immorality with legal sanctions continues today (though not fire and brimstone). Acts such as pornography, prostitution, and substance abuse are believed to erode the moral fabric of society and are therefore prohibited and punished. Certain crimes are believed to erode the moral fabric of society and are therefore prohibited and punished • One of the functions of the criminal law is to give expression to the collective feeling of revulsion toward certain acts They are crimes, according to the great legal scholar Morris Cohen, because "it is one of the functions of the criminal law to give expression to the collective feeling of revulsion toward certain acts, even when they are not very dangerous." legal scholar Sir Patrick Devlin states, Without shared ideas on politics, morals, and ethics no society can exist.... If men and women try to create a society in which there is no fundamental agreement about good and evil, they will fail; if having based it on common agreement, the agreement goes, the society will disintegrate. For society is not something that is kept together physically; it is held by the invisible bonds of common thought. If the bonds were too far relaxed, the members would drift apart. A common morality is part of the bondage. The bondage is part of the price of society; and mankind, which needs society, must pay its price. so-called victimless crimes are prohibited because one of the functions of criminal law is to express a shared sense of public morality H. L. A. Hart states, It is fatally easy to confuse the democratic principle that power should be in the hands of the majority with the utterly different claim that the majority, with power in their hands, need respect no limits. Certainly there is a special risk in a democracy that the majority may dictate how all should live As U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas once so succinctly put it, "What may be trash to me may be prized by others." After all, many of the great works of Western art depict nude males and females, some quite young. The nude paintings of Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920) were considered obscene during his time. A 1917 exhibition in Paris was closed due to public outcry over his sensuous images; in 2015, one of his nudes sold for $170 million. What was once considered obscene is now a highly valued work of art. Sociologist Joseph Gusfield argues that the purpose of outlawing immoral acts is to show the moral superiority of those who condemn the acts over those who partake of them. The legislation of morality "enhances the social status of groups carrying the affirmed culture and degrades groups carrying that which is condemned as deviant. Research indicates that people who define themselves as liberals are also the most tolerant of sexually explicit material. Demographic attributes such as age, educational attainment, and occupational status may also influence views of pornography: the young and better educated tend to be more tolerant than older, less-educated people according to Google's DoubleClick advertising tool, which uses a cookie to track users around the Web, dozens of adult destinations populate the top 500 websites; the largest gets 4.4 billion page views per month, three times more than CNN or ESPN. Adult entertainment websites are responsible for 4.41 percent of all desktop visits on the Internet worldwide countries with the highest share of adult websites are Iraq, Egypt, Japan, and Peru; the United States does not rank in the top 10! Irving Kristol: If we start censoring pornography and obscenity, shall we not inevitably end up censoring political opinion? A lot of people seem to think this would be the case—which only shows the power of doctrinaire thinking over reality. We had censorship of pornography and obscenity for 150 years, until almost yesterday, and I am not aware that freedom of opinion in this country was in any way diminished as a consequence of this fact The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 200 million women ages 15 to 49 have undergone female genital mutilation, and 3 million girls suffer the procedure each year. Custom and tradition are by far the most frequently cited reasons for mutilation; there are no health benefits. It is performed on girls ranging in age from newborns to 14-year-olds, and most are cut before age 5. The surgery is done to control virginity, remove sexual sensation, and render the females suitable for marriage; a girl in these societies cannot be considered an adult unless she has undergone genital mutilation. The practice was brought to worldwide attention in the 1990s by American author Alice Walker (The Color Purple). Critics consider the procedure to be torture; others argue that this ancient custom should be left to the discretion of the indigenous people who consider it part of their culture. "Torture," counters Walker, "is not culture." Amnesty International and the United Nations have worked to end the practice. Because of outside pressure, the procedure is now forbidden in Senegal, Egypt, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ghana, Guinea, and Togo. Other countries, among them Uganda, discourage it. In North Africa, the Egyptian Supreme Court upheld a ban on the practice and also ruled it had no place in Islam. Despite these efforts, millions of girls are still subject to female genital mutilation every day, primarily in Africa and the Middle East but also in other places all over the world. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 513,000 girls in the United States are at risk for the procedure, a number that has more than tripled in the last 25 years. The examination of public order crimes is two-fold, one relates to what society defines as deviant sexual practices, and another to illegal substance use and the effects of alcohol.

Is there a drug crime connection?

Although the drug-crime connection is powerful, the true relationship is still uncertain because many users have had a history of criminal activity before the onset of their substance abuse. It is possible that: Chronic criminal offenders begin to abuse drugs and alcohol after they have engaged in crime; that is, crime causes drug abuse. Substance abusers turn to a life of crime to support their habits; that is, the economics of drug abuse causes crime. Employed drug users don't commit crime, only those who need money to support their habits. Drug use and crime co-occur in individuals; that is, both crime and drug abuse are caused by some other common factor. Adolescents who are risk takers may abuse drugs and also commit crime. Individuals with psychotic behavioral disorders may use drugs to self-medicate and are also prone to crime. Psychosis may bring on both drug abuse and criminality; particularly those who also abuse drugs and alcohol tend to engage in higher levels of violence than individuals with other forms of mental illness. Drug users engage in activities that involve them with peers who encourage them to commit crime or support their criminal activity. Kids who join gangs are more likely later to abuse substances and commit crime. Drug abusers face social problems that lead them to crime. They are more likely to drop out of school, be underemployed, engage in premarital sex, and become unmarried parents. Social problems and not drug use are the cause of crime. no conclusive evidence that taking drugs turns otherwise law-abiding citizens into criminals, there are indications that people who commit crime also use drugs significantly more than the average citizen. As addiction levels increase, so too do the frequency and seriousness of criminality. Even if the crime rate of drug users were actually half that reported in the research literature, users would be responsible for a significant portion of the total criminal activity in the United States. While there is no conclusive evidence that taking drugs turns otherwise law-abiding citizens into criminals, there are indications that people who commit crime also use drugs significantly more than the average citizen.

The Same Sex Marriage Crusade

At one time every state had sodomy laws making it a felony to engage in homosexual relations. This ban on relations between consenting adults set off one of the most heated moral crusades of the past 50 years, with the goal of influencing both public acceptance and the legality of the gay lifestyle. One group of crusaders was determined to prevent the legalization of homosexual behavior, and one of their victories was the Supreme Court's decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, a decision that upheld a state's right to criminalize homosexual behavior. In this 1986 case, the Supreme Court said: The Constitution does not confer a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy. None of the fundamental rights announced in this Court's prior cases involving family relationships, marriage, or procreation bear any resemblance to the right asserted in this case. And any claim that those cases stand for the proposition that any kind of private sexual conduct between consenting adults is constitutionally insulated from state proscription is unsupportable The Defense of Marriage Act, which was passed in 1996 and defined marriage for the purposes of federal law as a union of one man and one woman, was another of this group's most significant legal achievements. Opposing them were activists who tirelessly campaigned for the civil rights of gay men and women. One of their most important victories was won in 2003 when the Supreme Court delivered, in Lawrence et al. v. Texas, a historic decision that made it impermissible for states to criminalize forms of sex that are not conventionally heterosexual, under statutes prohibiting sodomy, deviant sexuality, or what used to be referred to as "buggery." the issue of same-sex marriage was resolved in 2015, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional. The Court ruled that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples and the refusal to recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions violates the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. For all intents and purposes, Obergefell put an end to the conflict over gay marriage. After all, opponents of same-sex marriage claim, polygamy is banned, and there are age standards for marriage in every state. If same-sex marriage is legal, what about marriage to multiple partners or with underage minors? How far should the law go in curbing human behaviors that do not cause social harm? Who controls the law and should the law be applied to shape morality? The public order crimes discussed in this chapter are divided into two broad areas. The first relates to what conventional society considers deviant sexual practices. The second area concerns the use of substances that have been outlawed or controlled because of the harm they are alleged to cause: drugs and alcohol. Determined to prevent the legalization of marriage • Objective is passage of a constitutional amendment declaring that marriage is between one man and one woman

gateway model

An explanation of drug abuse that posits that users begin with a more benign drug (alcohol or marijuana) and progress to more potent drugs.

Drug Testing Strategies

Drug testing of students, private employees, government workers, and criminal offenders is believed to deter substance abuse. In the workplace, employees are tested to enhance on-the-job safety and productivity. In some industries, such as mining and transportation, drug testing is considered essential because abuse can pose a threat to the public. Mandatory drug-testing programs in government and industry have become routine. The federal government requires employee testing in regulated industries such as nuclear energy and defense contracting. About 4 million transportation workers are subject to testing. Drug testing is also part of the federal government's Drug-Free Workplace Program, which has the goal of improving productivity and safety. Employees most likely to be tested include presidential appointees, law enforcement officers, and people in positions of national security. Criminal defendants are now routinely tested at all stages of the justice system, from arrest to parole. The goal is to reduce criminal behavior by detecting current users and curbing their abuse. Two evaluations of pretrial drug-testing programs found little evidence that monitoring defendants' drug use influenced their behavior. Schools have adopted drug testing of students and there is some evidence that random tests can reduce drug use among youth. Those who favor student testing believe it may also help improve the learning environment in schools by diminishing the culture of drugs without sacrificing school morale.

Types of Prostitutes Cont.

Escort Services/Call Houses: Some escort services are fronts for prostitution rings. Both male and female sex workers can be sent out after the client calls a number published in an ad in the Yellow Pages. How common are adult escort services? In 2016, Las Vegas had 114 Yellow Pages listings for escort services; New York City had 175. A relatively new phenomenon, the call house combines elements of brothels and call girl rings. A madam receives a call from a prospective customer, and if she finds the client acceptable, she arranges a meeting between the caller and a prostitute in her service. The madam maintains a list of prostitutes, who are on call rather than living together in a house. The call house insulates the madam from arrest because she never meets the client or receives direct payment. Circuit Travelers: move around in groups of two or three to lumber, labor, and agricultural camps. They ask the foremen for permission to ply their trade, service the whole crew in an evening, and then move on. Some circuit travelers seek clients at truck stops and rest areas. Sometimes young girls are forced to become circuit travelers by unscrupulous pimps who force them to work as prostitutes in agricultural migrant camps. Skeezers: portion of female prostitutes have substance abuse problems, and more than half claim that prostitution is how they support their drug habits. On the street, women who barter drugs for sex are called skeezers. These women suffer a host of social and psychological problems ranging from homelessness and unemployment to low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. (sex for drugs usually crack) Massage Parlors/ Photo Studios: Some "working girls" are based in massage parlors and photo studios. Although it is unusual for a masseuse to offer all the services of prostitution, oral sex and manual stimulation are common. Most localities have attempted to limit commercial sex in massage parlors by passing ordinances specifying that the masseuse keep certain parts of her body covered and limiting the areas of the body that can be massaged. Some photo studios allow customers to put body paint on models before the photo sessions start. Child Prostitutes

Law Enforcement Strategies

Local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies have been actively fighting against drug dealers. One approach is to direct efforts at large-scale drug rings, even though (as the El Chapo arrest shows) they are often heavily armed and dangerous. The long-term consequence has been to decentralize drug dealing and has encouraged new groups to become major suppliers. Asian, Latin American, and Jamaican groups, motorcycle clubs, and local gangs such as the Crips and Bloods are all now involved in large-scale dealing. Police can also target, intimidate, and arrest street-level dealers and users in an effort to make drug use so much of a hassle that consumption is cut back and the crime rate reduced. Some departments use reverse stings, in which undercover agents pose as dealers to arrest users who approach them for a buy. In terms of weight and availability, there is still no commodity more lucrative than illegal drugs. They cost relatively little to produce and provide large profit margins to dealers and traffickers. It is difficult for law enforcement agencies to counteract the inducement of drug profits. When large-scale drug busts are made, supplies become scarce and market values increase, encouraging more people to enter the drug trade. stepped-up efforts to curb drug dealing in one area or city simply encourage dealers to seek out friendlier territory.

Medications`

Medications can be used to help with different aspects of the treatment process. Withdrawal. Medications offer help in suppressing withdrawal symptoms during detoxification. Patients who go through medically assisted withdrawal but do not receive any further treatment show drug abuse patterns similar to those who were never treated. Treatment. Medications can be used to help reestablish normal brain function and to prevent relapse and diminish cravings. Medications are now available for treating opioids (heroin, morphine), tobacco (nicotine), and alcohol addiction; others are being developed for treating stimulant (cocaine, methamphetamine) and cannabis (marijuana) addiction. A significant problem: many addicts are polydrug users, requiring multiple medications.

Obscenity and Pornography

Pornography derives from the Greek porne, meaning "prostitute," and graphein, meaning "to write. material depicting pornography is typically legal, protected by the First Amendment's provision limiting governmental control of speech, most criminal codes prohibit its production, display, and sale when it crosses the line and is considered obscene. The term obscenity, derived from the Latin obscaenus, is defined by Webster's dictionary as "deeply offensive to morality or decency ... designed to incite to lust or depravity." There is always controversy over what is obscene and how obscenity is defined. Police and law enforcement officials can legally seize only material that is judged obscene. But who, critics ask, is to judge what is obscene? At one time, such novels as Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller, Ulysses by James Joyce, and Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence were prohibited because they were considered obscene; today, they are considered works of great literary value. Thus, what is obscene today may be considered socially acceptable in the future. Allowing individual judgments on what is obscene makes the Constitution's guarantee of free speech unworkable. The uncertainty surrounding this issue is illustrated by Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart's famous 1964 statement on how he defined obscenity: "I know it when I see it." Because of this legal and moral ambiguity, a global pornography industry is becoming increasingly mainstream, currently generating many billions of dollars per year in revenue. Nonetheless, while adult material has gone mainstream, courts still hold that the First Amendment was not intended to protect indecency and therefore material considered offensive and obscene can be controlled by the rule of law.

The Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

The chorus of reformers started with the AMA and women's magazines and became louder with the voice of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. How many read this in the Jungle? The act required that alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine and marijuana be labeled but did not make them illegal.

Controlling Prostitution

Today, prostitution is considered a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine or a short jail sentence. Most states punish both people engaging in prostitution and those who hire people for sexual activities with a small fine; those who are involved with juvenile prostitution face much tougher penalties In practice, clients (known generically as johns) are rarely arrested, though some studies show that an arrest can deter future involvement. Most law enforcement is uneven and aims at confining illegal activities to particular areas in the city. Some local police agencies concerned about prostitution have used high-visibility patrols to discourage prostitutes and their customers, undercover work to arrest prostitutes and drug dealers, and collaboration with hotel and motel owners to identify and arrest pimps and drug dealers. The federal Mann Act (1925) prohibited bringing women into the country or transporting them across state lines for the purpose of prostitution. • Today, prostitution is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine or a short jail sentence. • The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 makes it a criminal offense to travel abroad for the purpose of engaging in sexual activity

Child Pornography

While few people are prosecuted for possessing, distributing, or manufacturing pornography involving adults, buying or selling kiddie porn is a totally different matter. Each year more than a million children are believed to be used in pornography or prostitution, many of them runaways whose plight is exploited by adults. Sexual exploitation by child pornography rings can devastate victims, causing them physical problems ranging from headaches and loss of appetite to genital soreness, vomiting, and urinary tract infections, as well as psychological problems including mood swings, withdrawal, edginess, and nervousness. In cases of extreme, prolonged victimization, children may lock on to the sex group's behavior and become prone to further victimization or even become victimizers themselves.

obscenity

according to current legal theory, sexually explicit material that lacks a serious purpose and appeals solely to the prurient interest of the viewer. While nudity per se is not usually considered obscene, open sexual behavior, masturbation, and exhibition of the genitals is banned in most communities.

Drugs and Crime

main reasons for the criminalization of particular substances is the assumed association between drug abuse and crime. People who use illicit drugs are more likely to engage in criminal activity; people involved in criminal activity are more likely to use drugs. While drug use does not turn people violent, it does increase the frequency of criminal activity. Substance abuse appears to be an important precipitating factor in a variety of criminal acts, especially income-generating crimes such as burglary. they show that people who take drugs also have extensive involvement in crime. Youths who abuse alcohol are also the most likely to engage in violence during their life course; violent adolescents report histories of alcohol abuse. Adults with long histories of drinking are also more likely to report violent offending patterns. User Surveys • Indicate that people who take drugs have extensive involvement in crime • Arrestee Data • ADAM II is a federal data collection program that shows drug use patterns among adult make arrestees. Drugcrime connection strongly supported by this data • Correctional Surveys • Many inmates are lifelong substance abusers

madam

A woman who employs prostitutes, supervises their behavior, and receives a fee for her services. her cut is usually 40 to 60 percent of the prostitute's earnings. The madam's role may include recruiting women into prostitution and socializing them in the trade.

Cost of Substance Abuse

The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that health and other costs directly related to substance abuse are now $700 billion per year enforcement costs add additional billions. Research compiled by the Cato Institute, a Washington, D.C., think tank, estimates that legalizing drugs would save roughly $41 billion per year in government enforcement expenditure. State and local governments could save about $25 billion per year; $16 billion would accrue to the federal government. About $9 billion of the savings would result from legalization of marijuana, $20 billion from legalization of cocaine and heroin, and $13 billion from legalization of all other drugs. We need to look at the annual costs to society from alcohol and find that it's listed at $224 billion which is more than that of illegal drugs. The drinking that characterized America begins before there was a USA. Drug activity also leads to death disease and disorganization. First, it's dangerous for all participants. Second it's dangerous for the public. Third, it's dangerous because will get a percentage addicted. Illicit drugs are said to cost society $193 billion dollars. We may see some adjustment to illegal drug costs from the legalization of marijuana. Alcoholism addiction cost the family. Leads to job loss or loss of productivity at work. We'll find out later that productivity is all that suffers; every drug dealers lose a great deal- mainly health. Beginning on the same downward spiral as alcoholics - Bruce Johnson said dealers usually end up sleeping on couches of friends. ½ of all transit accidents are caused by illegal drugs.

violent pornography

While the pornography-violence link seems at best modest, there is a much clearer association between pornography with a violent theme and sexual violence. Research shows that: Men who are predisposed to violence are more likely to be sexually aggressive toward women if they are exposed to adult material with themes of rape, violence, and/or sadism. There is an association between watching violent pornography and engaging in domestic violence. Serial killers have been found to collect and watch violent pornography. Some make their own "snuff" films starring their victims. Men who are both at high risk for sexual aggression and who are very frequent users of pornography are much more likely to engage in sexual aggression than their counterparts who consume pornography less frequently Though this evidence has been found, it is still not certain if watching violent pornographic material drives people to sexual violence or whether people predisposed to sexual violence are drawn to pornography with a violent theme. It's just as possible that people who have been sexually aggressive toward adult and children later become collectors of violent pornography as it is for frequent pornography users to later be violent and aggressive. So while the association between viewing violent pornography and sexual violence seems apparent, its direction and time order are still uncertain.

public order crimes

acts that are considered illegal because they threaten the general well-being of society and challenge its accepted moral principles. Prostitution, drug use, and the sale of pornography are considered this type of crime involve acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently. Whereas common-law crimes such as rape or robbery are banned because they cause indisputable social harm, public order crimes involve behaviors that are outlawed because they (a) conflict with social policy, prevailing moral rules, and current public opinion and (b)victimize both people and the social order. Statutes designed to uphold public order usually prohibit the manufacture and distribution of morally questionable goods and services such as erotic material, commercial sex, and mood-altering drugs. They may also ban acts that people who hold political and social power consider morally tinged. Criminalizing acts because of their perceived immorality is controversial because millions of otherwise law-abiding citizens often engage in these outlawed activities. If apprehended, these citizens can be labeled as criminals. Public order crimes typically create boundaries rather than bright lines. These acts are banned because they conflict with social norms, customs, and valuesf Such boundaries often create confusion and ambivalence

temperance movement

an effort to prohibit the sale of liquor in the United States that resulted in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1919, which prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages. At the turn of the century, temperance was fueled by the belief that the purity of the United States' agrarian culture was being destroyed by the growth of the city and the heavy drinkers (immigrants) residing there

Community Strategies

community organizations and residents taking action to deter drug dealing; engaging youth in prosocial activities (Boys & Girls Club) Representatives of various local government agencies, churches, civic organizations, and similar institutions are being brought together to create drug prevention and awareness programs. Citizen-sponsored programs attempt to restore a sense of community in drug-infested areas, reduce fear, and promote conventional norms and values. These efforts can be classified into four distinct categories: Law enforcement-type efforts. These may include block watches, cooperative police-community efforts, and citizen patrols. Some of these citizen groups are nonconfrontational: they simply observe or photograph dealers, write down their license plate numbers, and then notify police. On occasion, telephone hotlines have been set up to take anonymous tips on drug activity. Other groups engage in confrontational tactics that may even include citizens' arrests. Area residents have gone as far as contracting with private security firms to conduct neighborhood patrols. Using the civil justice system to harass offenders. Landlords have been sued for owning properties that house drug dealers, and neighborhood groups have scrutinized drug houses for building code violations. Information acquired from these various sources is turned over to local authorities, such as police and housing agencies, for more formal action. Community-based treatment efforts. Some of these programs utilize citizen volunteers who participate in self-help support programs. Some, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous, have more than 1,000 chapters nationally. Other programs provide youths with martial arts training, dancing, and social events as an alternative to the drug life. Enhancing the quality of life, improving interpersonal relationships, and upgrading the neighborhood's physical environment. Activities might include the creation of drug-free school zones (which encourage police to keep drug dealers away from the vicinity of schools) and consciousness-raising efforts such as demonstrations and marches to publicize the drug problem and build solidarity among participants.

Is There a Drug Gateway?

regardless of its cause, most people fall into drug abuse slowly, beginning with alcohol and then following with marijuana and more serious drugs as the need for a more powerful high intensifies. A number of research efforts have confirmed this gateway model. In a now classic study, James Inciardi, Ruth Horowitz, and Anne Pottieger found a clear pattern of adult involvement in adolescent drug abuse. Kids on crack started their careers with early experimentation with alcohol at age 7, began getting drunk at age 8, had alcohol with an adult present by age 9, and became regular drinkers by the time they were 11 years old. Drinking with an adult present, presumably a parent, was a significant precursor of future substance abuse and delinquency. "Adults who gave children alcohol," they argue, "were also giving them a head start in a delinquent career." Other research efforts support this view when they find that the most serious drug users have a history of recreational drug and alcohol abuse. Kids who begin using alcohol in adolescence become involved in increasing levels of deviant behavior as they mature. Marijuana users are up to five times more likely to escalate their drug abuse and try cocaine and heroin than nonusers. In sum, while most marijuana smokers do not become hard drug users, some do, and the risk of using dangerous substances may be increased by first engaging in recreational drugs. drug gateway vision is popular, but not all research efforts find that users progress to ever-more potent drugs, and some show that, surprisingly, many hard-core drug abusers never actually smoked pot or used alcohol. Some experts believe people fall into drug abuse slowly, beginning with alcohol and following with marijuana (the gateway drugs) and then more serious drugs as the need for a more powerful high intensifies • Other views do not support the gateway theory

How Much Drug Use is There Today?

the use of mood-altering substances persists in the United States. One important source of information on drug use is the annual Monitoring the Future (MTF) self-report survey of drug abuse among high school students conducted by the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the University of Michigan. This annual survey is based on the self-report responses of approximately 50,000 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders and is considered the most important source of data on adolescent drug abuse. MTF survey data indicate that drug use declined from a high point late in the 1970s until 1990, when it once again began to increase, finally stabilizing around 1996. Since then there has been a decline in both lifetime and current usage. In 2014, alcohol use by the nation's teens continued its long-term decline, and students in all three grades showed a decline in the proportion reporting any alcohol use in the prior 12 months. The three grades combined dropped to 41 percent, down from more than 60 percent in 1997. binge drinking fell 12% from 22% in 1997 19% 12th graders binge drinking at least once in prior two weeks Drug use among teens has also declined significantly, and marijuana—which remains the most popular drug by far—declined in use in 2014 (the last data available) after rising for the past few years. Nonetheless, about 6 percent of all high school students claim to use marijuana every day and about 6 percent of 8th graders, 11 percent of 10th graders, and 16 percent of 12th graders used some other drug such as ecstasy, LSD, or cocaine in the prior 12 months. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and Health, sponsored by the federal government, provides a look at both juvenile and adult drug and alcohol abuse. The most recent data show that in 2014 27 million people ages 12 or older used an illicit drug in the past 30 days, which corresponds to about 1 in 10 Americans. Drug use in 2014 was higher than in every year from 2002 through 2013. more than 22 million were current marijuana users (i.e., users in the past 30 days), and 4.3 million people ages 12 or older reported current nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers. Drug Production and Importation • World-wide drug epidemic may be abating, as drug cultivation is in decline • Individual Drug Use • Overall drug usage has stabilized, but for the past few years marijuana use has risen • National Survey on Drug Use and Health • Drug use trends have been relatively stable during the past few years with slight declines in the use of most illegal substances • Alcohol Abuse • Users are either current, binge, or heavy users

Correctional Surveys

The most recent surveys show that the drug use rate among parolees is double that of the general population. Similarly, about 24 percent of adults on probation reported drug abuse, more than double the rate in the general population. Researchers at CASA found that approximately 85 percent of current inmates could benefit from drug abuse treatment. CASA estimates that 1.5 million of the current 2.3 million prison inmates meet the clinical criteria for substance abuse or addiction. Another 458,000 inmates have a history of substance abuse and either: Were under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time of their crime Committed their offense to get money to buy drugs Were incarcerated for alcohol or drug law violations The CASA study also found that alcohol and drugs are significant factors in the commission of many crimes. Alcohol and drugs are involved in the following: 78 percent of violent crimes 83 percent of property crimes 77 percent of weapon offenses 77 percent of probation or parole violations These data seem to show a powerful connection between drug abuse, crime, and punishment.

Substance Abuse

. Large urban areas are beset by drug-dealing gangs, drug users who engage in crime to support their habits, and alcohol-related violence. Rural areas are important staging centers for the shipment of drugs around the country and are often the production sites for synthetic drugs and marijuana farming. Despite the scope of the drug problem, some still view it as another type of victimless public order crime. There is great debate over the legalization of drugs and the control of alcohol. Some consider drug use a private matter and drug control another example of government intrusion into people's private lives. Furthermore, legalization could reduce the profit of selling illegal substances and drive suppliers out of the market. Others see these substances as dangerous, believing that the criminal activity of users makes the term victimless nonsensical. Still another position is that the possession and use of all drugs and alcohol should be legalized but that the sale and distribution of drugs should be heavily penalized. This would punish those profiting from drugs and would enable users to be helped without fear of criminal punishment.

pornography

sexually explicit books, magazines, films, or tapes intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers • The purpose of this material is to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers Pornography refers to the explicit portrayal of sexual subject matter in media, books, photographs, and magazines for the purpose of sexual arousal. The term obscenity means deeply offensive to morality or decency, designed to incite to lust or depravity. While few people are prosecuted for possessing, distributing, or manufacturing pornography involving adults, buying or selling kiddie porn is a totally different matter. Each year more than a million children are believed to be used in pornography or prostitution, many of them runaways whose plight is exploited by adults.

The church Scandal

2002, the Boston Globe's spotlight team of investigative reporters uncovered serious allegations of child abuse being perpetrated by Roman Catholic priests. Their discovery led to widespread media coverage of the issue in the United States. The Academy Award-winning 2015 film Spotlight dramatized these events. center of the storm was the Archdiocese of Boston, which was shaken by allegations that a significant number of priests had engaged in sexual relations with minor children. Among the most notorious was Fr. James Porter, who was convicted of molesting at least 200 children of both sexes over a 30-year period. Porter was sentenced to an 18-to-20-year prison term and died of cancer while incarcerated. The archdiocese eventually turned over the names of nearly 100 priests to prosecutors. Cardinal Bernard Law was forced to step down as leader of the diocese. Numerous churches were closed or sold to help raise money for legal fees and victim compensation. clergy elsewhere in the United States and abroad resigned amid allegations that they had abused children or failed to stop abuse of which they had knowledge. Fr. Lawrence Murphy, who taught at St. John's School for the Deaf in a suburb of Milwaukee from 1950 through 1974, sexually abused about 200 boys. In Ireland, the Most Reverend Brendan Comiskey, the Bishop of Ferns, offered his resignation to the pope for failing in his efforts to stop abuse in his diocese, and an archbishop in Wales was forced to resign because he had ignored complaints about two priests later convicted of sexually abusing children. Pope John Paul II called a special meeting of American Catholic leaders in April 2002 to create new policies on sex abuse. The pope issued a statement in which he said that there is "no place in the priesthood ... for those who would harm the young." He added that sexual abuse by the clergy was not only an "appalling sin" but a crime, and he noted that "many are offended at the way in which church leaders are perceived to have acted in this matter." The current pope, Francis, has called the scandal a "grave problem," declaring that "one priest abusing a minor is reason enough to move the Church's whole structure." Pope Francis told clergy that they had "suffered greatly in the not distant past by having to bear the shame of some of your brothers who harmed and scandalized the Church in the most vulnerable of her members."

pedophilia

a psychosexual disorder in which an adult has sexual fantasies about or engages in sexual acts with an underage minor child A psychiatric disorder in which an adult or teen over age sixteen is sexually attracted to prepubescent children • Etiology remains unknown • Overrepresentation among men • Pedophilia scandals among churches On February 24, 2005, 9-year-old Jessica Lunsford was reported missing. Known sex offender John Evander Couey, 46, had kidnapped her from her home, keeping her captive and then burying her alive when he believed investigators were closing in. When captured he showed investigators the shallow grave where they found Jessica's body inside two tied plastic garbage bags. Her wrists were bound, but she had managed to poke two fingers through the plastic in an attempt to free herself. In the aftermath of Jessica Lunsford's abduction, Florida passed legislation that requires increased prison sentences, electronic tracking of all convicted sex offenders on probation, and the mandatory use of state databases by all local probation officials so that known sex offenders could not avoid the scrutiny of law enforcement. Couey was sentenced to death but died in prison before the sentence could be carried out. an adult or teen over age 16 is sexually attracted to prepubescent children, generally ages 11 to 13 years or younger. While the causes of pedophilia have not been determined, suspected factors include abnormal brain structure, social maladaption, and neurological dysfunction. The central processing of sexual stimuli in pedophiles may be controlled by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks of the brain. There is also some evidence that pedophilia is heritable and genetic factors are responsible for its development. Other suspected connections range from cognitive distortions to exposure to pornography. In one recent case that made national headlines, former Baltimore Ravens cheerleader Molly Shattuck was sentenced to two years of probation for engaging in a sex act with a 15-year-old boy. At sentencing the prosecutor claimed, "This was not a momentary lapse in judgment. She groomed him, seduced him, supplied him with alcohol, then took advantage of him, all for her own gratification." Shattuck received a suspended 15-year prison sentence and was forced to register as a sex offender and receive therapy. The Shattuck case is far from unique: one study of more than 100 adult female sex offenders found that 23 percent of the cases involved sexual abuse of a child, and in about two-thirds of the cases the women had a male co-offender.

Source Control

deter the production, sale, and importation of drugs through the systematic destruction of crops and apprehension of large-volume drug dealers, coupled with the enforcement of strict drug laws that carry heavy penalties. This approach is designed to capture and punish known international drug dealers and deter those who are considering entering the drug trade. A major effort has been made to cut off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels in Central and South America, Asia, and the Middle East, where many drugs are grown and manufactured. The federal government has been in the vanguard of encouraging exporting nations to step up efforts to destroy drug crops and prosecute dealers. use manual and/or aerial spray to eradicate crops before they can be harvested aerial spray is an important tool in remote and insecure areas where manual eradication is cost prohibitive or too dangerous. Spraying is not without its danger. The Colombian government reported 32 police, military, and civilian eradicator fatalities and nearly 150 injured personnel as a result of improvised explosive devices, sniper fire, and other attacks during their manual eradication operations in 2010 Transnational gangs (see Chapter 13) are actively involved in the drug trade and are immune from prosecution because they are active in areas where the United States has little influence. War and terrorism make source control strategies problematic. Despite government efforts, cocaine production has actually risen in Peru's remote tropical valleys, helping it to surpass Colombia as the world's largest exporter of cocaine. Peruvian traffickers now grow about 285 tons of cocaine each year compared to Colombia's 245 tons

paraphilias

Bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve recurrent sexual urges focused on nonhuman objects, humiliation, or children, the experience of receiving or giving pain (Greek para, "to the side of" and philos, "loving") - Greek split the word as "to the side" or "para" and love or "philias" but not proper love. encompasses bizarre or abnormal sexual practices involving recurrent sexual urges focused on (a)nonhuman objects (such as underwear, shoes, or leather), (b)humiliation or the experience of receiving or giving pain (such as in sadomasochism or bondage), or (c)children or others who cannot grant consent. Buddhist texts more than 2,000 years old contain references to sexually deviant behaviors in monastic communities, including sexual activity with animals and sexual interest in corpses. Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, published in 1887, was the first Western book to discuss such paraphilias as sadism, bestiality, and incest. Paraphilias are legal if they are not harmful to others, such as wearing clothes normally worn by the opposite sex (transvestite fetishism), or are engaged in by adults in the privacy of their homes. Nonetheless, even these paraphilias can sometimes cause fatal results: such was the case when on June 4, 2009, actor David Carradine (Kill Bill) was found dead in a Thailand hotel, the victim of asphyxiophilia gone awry When paraphilias involve unwilling or underage partners, they are considered legally and socially harmful and subject to criminal penalties—exhibitionism, frotteurism, and voyeurism are therefore illegal and carry criminal penalties. Pedophilia, the most serious form of paraphilia Paraphilias are legal if they are not harmful to others, such as wearing clothes normally worn by the opposite sex (transvestite fetishism), or are engaged in by adults in the privacy of their homes.

Punishment Strategies

Punish drug dealers/traffickers more severely the courts may achieve the required result by severely punishing known drug dealers and traffickers. A number of initiatives have made the prosecution and punishment of drug offenders a top priority. State prosecutors have expanded their investigations into drug importation and distribution and created special prosecutors to focus on drug dealers. Once convicted, drug dealers can get very long sentences. Defense attorneys consider delay tactics to be sound legal maneuvering in drug-related cases. Courts are so backlogged that prosecutors are anxious to plea bargain. The consequence of this legal maneuvering is that more than 25 percent of people convicted on drug charges are granted probation or some other form of community release. Of those incarcerated, about half received a few months of jail time, and the rest, about 34 percent, were sent to prison. Even if incarcerated in prison, the median sentence for drug offenders was about 24 months. unlikely that the public would approve of a drug control strategy that locks up large numbers of traffickers; research indicates that the public already believes drug trafficking penalties are too harsh (while supporting the level of punishment for other crimes). And some critics are disturbed because punishment strategies seem to have a disproportionate effect on minority group members, who face far higher arrest rates despite the fact that their drug use is no greater than members of the white majority.