chapter 14 USE THIS 2

descriptive

Multiple Choice Question 14.29 Part A A researcher has performed a prospective study on the disease tetanus. To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring? experimental prodromal analytical case control descriptive

Concept Map for Disease Transmission

Concept Map for Disease Transmission

indirect contact transmission

Concept Map: Disease Transmission Part A A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario? vehicle transmission droplet transmission indirect contact transmission direct contact transmission

None of the pairs is mismatched.

Multiple Choice Question 14.25 Part A Which of the following pairs is mismatched? syphilis - direct contact influenza - droplet infection malaria - vector salmonellosis - vehicle transmission None of the pairs is mismatched.

The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases Part B In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America? Only a few cases are occurring in this region. The disease has spread to North America from Europe. The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region. The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.

Five

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases Part C In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four? Four Two Six Five

January of year three

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases Part D In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur? January of year three March of year two January of year four April of year four September of year three

acquired during the course of hospitalization.

Multiple Choice Question 14.3 Part A A nosocomial infection is: acquired during the course of hospitalization. always present, but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization. always caused by pathogenic bacteria. only a result of surgery. always caused by medical personnel.

Atlanta, GA.

Multiple Choice Question 14.30 Part A The CDC is located in Atlanta, GA. New York City, NY. Chicago, IL. Washington, DC. Los Angeles, CA.

botulism

Multiple Choice Question 14.6 Part A Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection? tuberculosis diphtheria the common cold measles botulism

West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937. Correct West Nile virus was originally identified in 1937, when it caused a significant outbreak in Uganda. Following this initial outbreak, only minor occurrences in Egypt and Israel had been observed until 1999, when the virus reappeared with a significant outbreak in New York City. This appearance was important because it was the first time West Nile virus had been observed in the United States. Since then, West Nile virus has been declared an important pathogen to public health officials and those involved in veterinary medicine. In fact, in 2009, the CDC declared West Nile virus to be endemic in the United States.

Don't Be in Denial, It's Just West Nile Part A Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease? West Nile virus causes an infection and death in birds such as crows and blue jays. West Nile virus causes a latent viral infection that can emerge later in life. West Nile virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1937 and has caused significant outbreaks every year since then. West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission. Correct Arboviruses get their name because they are typically arthropod-borne viruses that remain in nature because of biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes.

Don't Be in Denial, It's Just West Nile Part B During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus? Select ALL that apply. An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. An arbovirus is a virus isolated in Ann Arbor, Michigan. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission. An arbovirus is a virus that originated from plants.

The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals. Correct The students tried to isolate and identify the West Nile virus from the birds because there is a high probability that the birds were infected with the virus. Birds are considered to be an amplifying host for the West Nile virus, which means that the number of viral particles is increased dramatically within this host. Although house sparrows seem to be tolerant of this amplification process, studies had shown that crows and blue jays, both of which were specimens, were susceptible to death from this virus.

Don't Be in Denial, It's Just West Nile Part C If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine? The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are large animals. It would be difficult to isolate West Nile virus from mosquitoes because they are small. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they had access to dead birds that were known to be infected with West Nile virus. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because it is faster to isolate the virus from a bird than to isolate it from a mosquito.

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures. Correct Correct! Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures of the blood-brain barrier. Brain infections are serious because many are fatal because it is difficult to treat them with antimicrobials. Antimicrobials must be lipid-soluble in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. There is an exception, however. In some infections of the brain, the inflammation alters the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and may allow some antimicrobials to cross that would not be able to cross if the infection were not present.

Don't Be in Denial, It's Just West Nile Part D The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals? ------------------------------------------- Encephalitis is an inflammation of the meninges. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. It is a concern to health care professionals because the infection will spread to the brain.

Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. Correct The best way to prevent West Nile virus infections is to limit exposure to the mosquitoes. This can be accomplished by using bug sprays, by staying indoors during times when mosquitoes are out (particularly in the summer months), and by wearing protective clothing outdoors if mosquitoes are present. Another preventative measure is to eliminate sources of water, especially stagnant water, where mosquitoes lay their eggs. This will help to decrease mosquito populations, reduce the possibility of exposure to the mosquito, and as a result limit the chance of infection with West Nile virus.

Don't Be in Denial, It's Just West Nile Part E Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections? Kill all mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. Kill all birds to prevent the amplification and transmission of West Nile virus. Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. Limit exposure to birds to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods. Correct Emerging infectious diseases are defined as ones that are new or changing, have increased in incidence in the recent past, or show a potential to increase in the near future. Given the increase in number of cases of West Nile virus encephalitis and avian death since it appeared in New York City in 1999, this virus meets the definition of an emerging infectious disease. Over half of known emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, mainly of viral origin, and are likely to be vector-borne. West Nile virus is all of these things, and infections with this virus must be reported to the CDC for tracking. The CDC works along with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to address issues related to emerging infectious diseases. Together, these agencies have set goals for investigating, monitoring, and controlling emerging infectious diseases worldwide.

Don't Be in Denial, It's Just West Nile Part F What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern? Select all that apply. West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods. West Nile virus has a positive, single-stranded RNA genome that is 11,000 to 12,000 nucleotides long.

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Overview Part A Epidemiology is defined as the study of: how a disease is transmitted. when a disease occurs. where a disease occurs. where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

endemic.

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases Part E If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be epidemic. pandemic. endemic. sporadic.

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Overview Part B What is the role of epidemiology? To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases. To learn which organisms cause disease. To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens. To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens.

An infected toy

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease Part A Which of the following would be considered a fomite? An infected toy A fly A tick Contaminated water

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease Part B Which of the following would be considered a vector? Water containing bacteria from fecal matter Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

contact transmission.

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease Part C When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered: waterborne transmission. vector transmission. contact transmission. airborne transmission.

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease Part D Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? Vehicle transmission Vector transmission Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission Contact transmission

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease Part E Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? The bite of a mosquito containing malaria Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact

20%

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview Part A According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections? 40% 20% 8% 11% 15%

Bacteremia

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview Part B What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations? Bacteremia Cutaneous Lower respiratory Urinary tract Surgical

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview Part C How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic? Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment. Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient. Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient.

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview Part D Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections? Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient. These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes. These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient. Invasive procedures must use antibiotics.

Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview Part E How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections? Reduce the number of times they visit a patient Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient Administer all medications orally instead of through injections Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Prevention Part A The health of the patient is secondary to the health of the healthcare worker. should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker. is secondary to the health of co-workers in healthcare settings.

They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Prevention Part B How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections? They should only operate on healthy individuals. They should prescribe immunosuppressive drugs to their patients. They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary. They should prescribe as many antibiotics as possible.

they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Prevention Part C If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions: they should leave the healthcare facility immediately. they should immediately wash their hands. they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

Single-use

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Prevention Part D Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections? Inexpensive Reusable Long Single-use Washable

Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Prevention Part E Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing? Hand washing should be done frequently by patients. Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction. Hand washing should be done frequently by healthcare workers. Hand washing should be done before and after patient interaction.

gram-negative cell walls

Multiple Choice Question 14.12 Part A Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections? gram-negative cell walls lack of handwashing lapse in aseptic techniques antibiotic resistance lack of insect control

The patient was infected before hospitalization.

Multiple Choice Question 14.14 Part A Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE? The patient was infected before hospitalization. They occur in compromised patients. They may be caused by drug-resistant bacteria. They may be caused by normal microbiota. They may be caused by opportunists.

None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.

Multiple Choice Question 14.16 Part A Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? a hospital a sick animal a healthy person a sick person None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.

a hypodermic needle

Multiple Choice Question 14.18 Part A Which of the following is a fomite? water droplets from a sneeze a hypodermic needle insects pus

epidemiology.

Multiple Choice Question 14.22 Part A The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called public health. morbidity and mortality. communicable disease. ecology. epidemiology.

The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these

Multiple Choice Question 14.24 Part A Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases? Antibiotic resistance Climatic changes New strains of previously known agents Ease of travel The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these

All of the answers are correct.

Multiple Choice Question 14.26 Part A Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections? antibiotic resistance normal microbiota on the operating room staff using syringes more than once errors in aseptic technique All of the answers are correct.

indirect contact transmission

Multiple Choice Question 14.28 Part A A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of which form of disease transmission? vector droplet transmission vehicle transmission indirect contact transmission

zoonosis

Multiple Choice Question 14.36 Part A During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The situation is an example of: human reservoirs. a vector. a zoonosis. a nonliving reservoir. a focal infection.

Vehicle

Multiple Choice Question 14.38 Part A During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The method of transmission of the disease in the situation was: vector-borne. indirect contact. vehicle. direct contact. droplet.

None of the answers is correct; all of these are zoonoses.

Multiple Choice Question 14.42 Part A Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis? rabies cat-scratch disease tapeworm Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome None of the answers is correct; all of these are zoonoses.

nosocomial infection.

Multiple Choice Question 14.43 Part A Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a: latent infection. nosocomial infection. communicable disease. sporadic disease. None of the answers is correct.

The M in MRSA stands for mannitol.

Multiple Choice Question 14.45 Part A Which of the following statements is FALSE? S. aureus is differentiated from other mannitol+ cocci by the coagulase test. Antimicrobial therapy for hemodialysis-associated infections increases antibiotic resistance. The USA100 strain accounts for most hospital-acquired MRSA. The M in MRSA stands for mannitol. The USA300 strain accounts for most community-acquired MRSA.

involves specific diseases.

Multiple Choice Question 14.7 Part A Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission requires an arthropod. involves specific diseases. involves fomites. requires direct contact. works only with noncommunicable diseases.

vehicle transmission From Book: Vehicle transmission is the transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as water, food, or air. Other media include blood and other body fluids, drugs, and intravenous fluids.

Part B A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission? vector transmission vehicle transmission contact transmission There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission.

vector transmission

Part C Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission? direct contact transmission vector transmission indirect contact transmission vehicle transmission

-the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease -the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism -the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal -the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

Part C - Understanding Koch's Postulates Student will identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases. Which of statements best describe Koch's postulates? Select all that apply. The microscopic properties of pathogens isolated from the original (diseased) and inoculated (also, diseased) animals should differ significantly. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

-Microorganism X might not be linked to Floppy Ear disease, since the inoculated mouse remained healthy. - A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed.

Part D - Applying Koch's Postulates Students will be presented with experimental results obtained when testing a suspected pathogen, and will identify appropriate conclusions based on each scenario. A rabbit was found to have Floppy Ear disease that causes long-ear infections, but its etiology (cause) is unknown. Unknown Microorganism X from the infected rabbit's right ear was successfully isolated and cultured on laboratory growth media. The ear of a healthy laboratory mouse was then inoculated with isolated microorganism, and after a period of time, no disease is observed. Which of the following statements BEST describe the conclusion(s) that can be drawn from this experiment? Select all that apply. Healthy laboratory organisms rarely show signs and symptoms of infection and disease. A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed. It is not possible to isolate and culture Microorganism X in the laboratory, since this microbe is found in nature. Microorganism X might not be linked to Floppy Ear disease, since the inoculated mouse remained healthy. Microorganism X is the etiologic agent for Floppy Ear disease since it caused infection in the diseased rabbit. Microorganism X modified its cell wall structure while being cultured, and is no longer infectious to rabbits.