Chapter 15 and 16 Mastering
What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?
ciliary body
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the
hypothalamus
Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.
median eminence
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
The visual receptors of the retina are called
photoreceptors.
There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated
red, green, and blue.
Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound
rhodopsin
Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the
saccule and utricle
________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color.
Cones
The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of
olfactory receptors.
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
Build up bone
The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by
Changing Shape
The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.
Chemicals
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
Cortex
The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of
Equilibrium
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
Suprarenal
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
Insulin
The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the
Internal Ear
Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A)
It is the term for normal vision.
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
PTH
Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?
Peppery
A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.
Photon
________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light.
Rods
Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B)
Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color.
Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A)
Special senses originate at the sensory receptor.
How do the semicircular canals and the semicircular ducts differ? (Module 15.17B)
The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth.
When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive
White
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein.
The ciliary muscle contracts to
adjust the shape of the lens for close vision.
An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except
an increase ATP production.
In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater?
an object 10 inches away from your nose
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
are produced by the adrenal medulla.
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.
bony labyrinth
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.
both production and release
Growth hormone does all of the following except
cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids.
Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness.
conductive
The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.
conjunctiva
Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.
constriction; dilation
A sudden rise of room brightness would cause
contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles.
A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?
cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.
endocrine
Which of the following is mismatched?
endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other
The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.
endocrine; nervous
________ fills the membranous labyrinth.
endolymph
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
gene transcription is initiated.
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
glucagon; insulin
A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close
hyperopia
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.
insulin; lowers
A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.
myopia
The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the
organ of Corti.
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
several
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except
steroid hormones.
Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except
steroid hormones.
Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on
the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule.
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland.
What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B)
to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane
The auditory ossicles connect the
tympanic membrane to the oval window.
The external ear ends at the
tympanic membrane.
The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as
umami
Which structure contain receptors sensitive to linear acceleration?
utricle
The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.
utricle and saccule