Chapter 15 and 16 Mastering

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

ciliary body

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

hypothalamus

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

median eminence

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla

The visual receptors of the retina are called

photoreceptors.

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated

red, green, and blue.

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

rhodopsin

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

saccule and utricle

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color.

Cones

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

olfactory receptors.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

Build up bone

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

Changing Shape

The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.

Chemicals

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

Cortex

The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of

Equilibrium

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

Suprarenal

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

Insulin

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

Internal Ear

Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A)

It is the term for normal vision.

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

PTH

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

Peppery

A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.

Photon

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light.

Rods

Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B)

Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color.

Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A)

Special senses originate at the sensory receptor.

How do the semicircular canals and the semicircular ducts differ? (Module 15.17B)

The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth.

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

White

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein.

The ciliary muscle contracts to

adjust the shape of the lens for close vision.

An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except

an increase ATP production.

In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater?

an object 10 inches away from your nose

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

are produced by the adrenal medulla.

Steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.

bony labyrinth

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.

both production and release

Growth hormone does all of the following except

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids.

Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness.

conductive

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.

conjunctiva

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

constriction; dilation

A sudden rise of room brightness would cause

contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles.

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

endocrine

Which of the following is mismatched?

endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

endocrine; nervous

________ fills the membranous labyrinth.

endolymph

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated.

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.

glucagon; insulin

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close

hyperopia

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.

insulin; lowers

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.

myopia

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the

organ of Corti.

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

several

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

steroid hormones.

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

steroid hormones.

Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on

the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule.

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland.

What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B)

to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

The auditory ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

The external ear ends at the

tympanic membrane.

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as

umami

Which structure contain receptors sensitive to linear acceleration?

utricle

The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.

utricle and saccule