Public Speaking Midterm - Belinda Russell

explanatory speech

(also known as a briefing) is similar to the descriptive speech in that they both share the function of clarifying the topic. But explanatory speeches focus on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

memorized delivery

A delivery style in which a speaker memorizes a speech in its entirety from a word-for-word script

manuscript delivery

A delivery style in which a speaker writes the speech in its entirety and then reads it word for word

topical organization

A speech in which main points are developed separately and are generally connected together within the introduction and conclusion.

problem-solution organization

A speech in which problems and solutions are presented alongside one another with a clear link between a problem and its solution.

spatial organization

A speech in which the main points are arranged according to their physical and geographic relationships.

chronological organization

A speech in which the main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar or clock.

informative speech

A speech in which the primary purpose is to provide the audience with information that they did not already know, or to teach them more about a topic with which they are already familiar.

descriptive speech

A speech that provides a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

demonstration speech

A speech that shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.

definitional speech

A type of speech in which the speaker attempts to explain or identify the essential qualities or components of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues.

definitional speeches

A type of speech in which the speaker attempts to explain or identify the essential qualities or components of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues.

dialect

A variety of language, cant or jargon that is set apart from other varieties of the same language by grammar, vocabulary or patterns of speech sounds.

sign posts

According to Beebe and Beebe, "words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points"

nonverbal communication

All of the messages we send — except for the words we say. Can include appearance, eye behavior, kinesics (body movement), proxemics (use of space), touch, time, and smell.

explanatory speech

Also known as a briefing, the focus of this speech is on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

scrutiny fear

Anxiety resulting from being in a situation where one is being watched or observed, or where one perceives themselves as being watched, is known as scrutiny fear. This sort of anxiety does not necessarily involve interacting with other people.

transitional statement

Phrases or sentences that lead from one distinct-but-connected idea to another.

pronunciation

Saying words correctly, with the accurate articulation, stress and intonation, according to conventional or cultural standards.

internal preview

Short descriptions of what a speaker will do and say during a speech; may be at the beginning and within the body of a speech.

summary

Short recaps of what has already been said; used to remind the audience of the points already addressed.

articulation

The act of producing clear, precise and distinct speech.

decoding

The process of listening to words and interpreting the words so they are associated with a mental image.

encoding

The process of taking a mental image, associating the image with words, and then speaking those words.

verbal communication

The sharing of information between individuals by using speech.

Barnlund's Transactional Model of Communication

The transactional model has a number of interdependent processes and components, including the encoding and decoding processes, the communicator, the message, the channel and noise.

accent

To emphasize or stress

quotations

Using a quotation from a well- known figure, or using a quotation from a lesser-known figure if the quotation is particularly suitable for your speech topic, is a common attention-getting technique.

impromptu delivery

a delivery style in which a speaker delivers a speech with little or no planning or preparation

extemporaneous delivery

a delivery style in which the speaker carefully prepares the speech in advance but delivers it using only a few notes and with a high degree of spontaneity

state-anxiety

a type of anxiety that is derived from the external situation which individuals find themselves.

regionalism

a type of expression, as when someone says "The dog wants walked," instead of "the dog wants to go for a walk."

communication apprehension

anxiety or fear about communicating with others

trait-anxiety

anxiety that is aligned with, or a manifestation of, an individual's personality.

question of policy

ask the speaker to advocate for an appropriate course of action.

proposition of value

compares multiple options to determine which is best.

rhetorical questions

designed to allow you as speaker to get the audience to think about your topic without actually speaking the answer to the question

importance of repetition

epetition in speeches can also help to create a dramatic punch or closing to the speech. The speaker can repeat a summary of information that was presented at the beginning once again at the end of the speech to clarify the main points so the audience is aware of the theme or overall lesson. Repetition also encourages audience members to accept the ideas and thoughts that are presented. For instance, the more someone hears a fact, the more likely she may be willing to accept it.r

functions/objectives of introduction

gain attention and interest gain the goodwill of the audience clearly state the purpose preview and structure the speech

Roman numerals

main points

proposition of fact

may focus on whether or not something exists.

global plagiarism

plagiarism that occurs when a speaker uses an entire work that is not his/her own.

incremental plagiarism

plagiarism that occurs when most of the speech is the speaker's original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited.

patchwork plagiarism

plagiarism that occurs when one patches together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own.

Techniques for building confidence

prepare well visualize success avoid gimmicks breathe and release minimize what you memorize customize for practice practice out loud

audio and video

select short clips; 10-20 seconds; reinforce topic

demonstration speeches

shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves. The focus is on a chronological explanation of some process (how potato chips are made), procedure (how to fight fires on a submarine), application (how to use the calendar function in Outlook), or course of action (how court cases proceed to Supreme Court status). Speakers might focus on processes that have a series of steps with a specific beginning and end (how to sell a home by yourself) or the process may be continuous (how to maintain the hard drive on your computer to prevent crashes).

capital letters

sub points

numbers

sub-sub points

intentional plagiarism

the deliberate, unattributed use of another's ideas, words, or pattern of organization.

information overload

when a person feels that they are faced with an overwhelming amount of information, with the effect that they are unable to process it all or unable to make decision.