Chapter 16: Adolescence; Social and Emotional Development

Hector's friends will be similar to him (in age and beliefs).

Hector is 16 years old and is opposed to drinking and smoking. In all likelihood...

Are less likely to initiate sexual activity (at an early age).

In comparison to adolescents who do not have close relationships with their parents, those who do ...

Moratorium.

The term "emerging adulthood" is similar to Erikson's use of the term...

Mothers want to retain more control (despite adolescents' efforts to take it).

When it comes to control and adolescence...

A 15-year-old girl.

Who spends more time with friends?

Clique

A group of five to ten individuals who hang around together and who share activities and confidences.

Crowd

A large, loosely organized group of people who may or may not spend much time together and who are identified by the activities of the group.

Ethnic identity

A sense of belonging to an ethnic group.

Commitment

A stable investment in one's goals, values, and beliefs.

Identity crisis

A turning point in development during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about life roles.

Relationships; occupational matters.

According to Erikson, ____ was/were important to women's identity and _____ was/were important to men's identity.

Ego identity

According to Erikson, one's sense of who one is and what one stands for. Example: Tara is a high school student. She spends much of her time thinking about her sexual identity, her political opinions, and her future career.

Commitment.

According to Marcia, identity status involves the dimensions of exploration and...

2/3.

According to the national random surveys (Valenzuela et. al., 2009), how many teenagers and young adults (18-29-year-olds) use social networking sites?

May continue to be intolerant of outsiders.

According to the textbook, those individuals who fail to resolve their identity crises...

Exploration

Active questioning and searching among alternatives in the quest to establish goals, values, and beliefs.

Friends and media; sex education classes or parents.

Adolescents report that they are somewhat more likely to obtain information about sex from _____ then from _____.

May be rejected by the minority group.

An ethnic adolescent who identifies strongly with the dominant culture...

Moratorium

An identity status that characterizes those who are actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to form an identity. Exploration: Yes. Commitment: No. • Actively exploring alternatives. • Attempting to make choices with regard to occupation, ideological beliefs, and so on. • Often anxious and intense. • Ambivalent feelings toward parents and authority figures.

Identity achievement

An identity status that characterizes those who have explored alternatives and have developed commitments. Exploration: Yes. Commitment: Yes. • Most developed in terms of identity. • Has experienced a period of exploration. • Has developed commitments. • Has a sense of personal well-being, high self-esteem, and self acceptance. • Cognitively flexible. • Sets goals and works toward achieving them. Example: After taking many different types of classes in college, Sarah has finally decided to become a mechanical engineer. She is actively planning for graduate school and a job in her chosen field.

Foreclosure

An identity status that characterizes those who have made commitments without considering alternatives. Exploration: No. Commitment: Yes. • Has commitments without considering alternatives. • Commitments based on identification with parents, teachers, or other authority figures. • Often authoritarian and inflexible.

Identity diffusion

An identity status that characterizes those who have no commitments and who are not in the process of exploring alternatives. Exploration: No. Commitment: No. • Least developed in terms of identity. • Lacks commitments. • Not trying to form commitments. • May be carefree and uninvolved or unhappy and lonely. • May be angry, alienated, rebellious. Example: Nina is in ninth grade. She's apathetic toward school, her friends, and her family. Her general attitude is "I don't care."

Have adolescents who show the highest levels of mental health.

Authoritative parents...

Organized activities, unstructured activities.

Boys and their friends are more likely to engage in ______, while girls and their friends are more likely to engage in ______.

Violent crimes; status offenses.

Boys are more likely to commit crimes such as _____, whereas girls are more likely to commit crimes such as ____.

Achieve academically; use drugs.

Brown and his colleagues (1993) found that peer pressure to _____ was stronger than peer pressure to _____.

Juvenile delinquency

Conduct in a child or adolescent characterized by illegal activities.

Psychological moratorium.

Erikson called adolescent experimentation with different roles, values, beliefs, and relationships...

20%.

In terms of sexting, it is estimated that _____ of adolescents under the age of 17 have admitted to receiving revealing photos of other adolescents.

Girls.

Intimacy and closeness appear to be more central to the friendships of...

Status offenses

Offenses considered illegal only when performed by minors, such as truancy and underage drinking.

A societal double standard.

Parents tend to communicate different messages to daughters and sons concerning sexual activity. What does this reflect?

Homosexual

Referring to an erotic orientation toward members of one's own gender.

College seniors have a stronger sense of identity (than first year students).

Research indicates that in terms of identity...

Children are cognitively able to compare their real selves to the ideal selves.

Self-esteem tends to decline as the child progresses from childhood until age 12 or 13 because...

Have shown some success (in reducing sexual activity and increase in contraceptive use).

Sex education programs...

Tripled.

Since 1960, the suicide rate among young people ages 15 to 24 has...

Achieved ethnic identity

The final stage of ethnic identity development; similar to the identity achievement status.

Unexamined ethnic identity

The first stage of ethnic identity development; similar to the diffusion or foreclosure identity statuses.

Ethnic identity search

The second stage of ethnic identity development; similar to the moratorium identity status.

Contain many contradictory traits.

The self-concepts of adolescents tend to...

Self-esteem

The sense of value or worth that people attach to themselves.

1. Identity diffusion 2. Foreclosure 3. Moratorium 4. Identity achievement

What are the 4 identity statuses, according to James Marcia (1991)?

Peers.

What is the most important to the self-esteem of those in late adolescence?

Short-lived.

What most accurately describes dating relationships in early adolescence?

It was against religious or moral beliefs.

When teenagers were asked why they abstain from sex, their primary reason for doing so was...