Chapter 16: Endocrine System

Calcitonin acts to ___________

decrease blood calcium

adrenal gland secretes _______________

epinephrine

pineal gland secretes ______________

melatonin

Insulin's effects in target cells are ____________

to increase lipolysis

Which of the following is not an effect of cortisol?

Increased lipogenesis

A tumor in what tissue would cause Grave's disease?

Thyroid

Hormones that bind to 7-TMS receptors signal the cell interior through effects on:

- G protein - cAMP - Adenylate cyclase - Protein kinase A

Hormone target cells __________________

- are found throughout the body - express a receptor for that hormone - convert the information carried in the hormone structure into a cellular signal - play key roles in the regulation of physiological processes

Hormones are released in response to -

- other hormones - changes in physiological systems - blood levels of key components - nervous system regulation

An endocrine cell _____________

- secretes hormones into blood - can be a neuron - is found as part of organs like the heart - is found within endocrine organs

Hormones release is ___________ regulated in contrast to neurotransmitter release, which is ____________ regulated.

amplitude; frequency

Steroids are produced __________________

by enzymatic conversion of cholesterol

What would be the effect of a parathyroid tumor that over secretes PTH?

calcification of soft tissues

kidney secretes ____________

calcitriol

Steroid hormones are based on ____________

cholesterol

The lipid-soluble hormone is transported ____________

complexed to carrier proteins

The adrenal cortex produces _______________

cortisol, corticoosterone, aldosterone, and androstenedione

The t 1/2 of a lipid-soluble hormone would be increased by ______________

decreased metabolism

The adrenal medulla produces _____________ a. cortisol b. corticosterone c. aldosterone d. androstenodione e. none of the above

e. none of the above

The receptors to which TSH binds are located on:

follicular cells of the thyroid gland

PTH hormone is released in response to ________________

hypocalcemia

Which of the following will lead to feedback inhibition of hypothalamic production of TRH?

increased levels of TSH, increased levels of thyroxine (T4)

_____________________ is both a neurotransmitter and hormone

norepinephrine

Which of the following organs have both an endocrine and exocrine function?

pancreas

The mechanism of action for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) involves _____________

phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue

Activation of adenylate cyclase leads to ______________________

production of cAMP

Which of the following is not an effect of thyroxine?

protein synthesis

thyroxine is synthesized as part of ____________ and contains ______________

thyroglobulin; iodine

thyroid gland secretes ______________

thyroxine

The thyroid produces __________

thyroxine and calcitonin

The primary physiological effect of insulin secretion is ______________

to decrease blood glucose content

Match the steroid with its physiological effect.

Aldosterone - Na+ retention Cortisol - hyperglycemia Estrogen - sex steroid Androgen precursor - sex steroid

Loss of GNRH would have which of the following effects?

Decreased in blood glucose (hypoglycemia)

Which of the following conditions would be expected not to cause cortisol release?

Eating a glucose rich meal

Match each hormone with how it is synthesized.

Epinephrine - enzymatic synthesis Insulin - gene transcript Steroids - enzymatic synthesis ACTH - gene transcript

A hypothalamic tumor that resulted in an oversecretion of GnRH would lead to elevated blood levels of _____________

FSH/LH

As a result of phospholipase C activation:

IP3 may cause the release of stored calcium ions to act as second messengers

Signal transduction refers to which of the following?

- the process by which neurotransmitter binding to the post-synaptic membrane results in EPSP - how the information inherent in hormone structure leads to a cellular change - the process by which cells communicate with other cells - the process by which sensory information is converted by sensory cells into action potentials

Match each hormone with its cell transduction pathway

Insulin - 1-TMS Steroids - Nuclear or cytosolic receptor Epinephrine - GPCR Growth Hormone - RTKase

Which of the following properties would convince someone that a compound is likely a hormone?

It is released into the blood in response to a change in a physiological parameter

A genetic mutation leading to the loss of Phospholipase C activity would affect signaling by which of the following hormones?

TRH

TSH release is stimulated by ______________

TRH