Chapter 16 Test

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.

Alpha

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to

An increase in metabolic activity, an inhibition of airway smooth muscle, and the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

An increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following, except

Anterograde amnesia

Sympathetic nerves

Are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.

Muscarinic receptors

Are normally activated by acetylcholine

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

At pearl-like swellings called varicosities

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be

Autonomic blocking agents

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia

Collateral

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is

Coma

Autonomic efferents

Conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Sphlanchnic nerve

Consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

Splanchnic nerves

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by

Stimulating serotonin receptors

The celiac ganglion innervates the

Stomach, liver, and pancreas

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

Suprarenal

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

Sympathetic activation, increased levels of epinephrine in the blood , and increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus

Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Vagus nerves

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N

XII

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

Vagus nerves

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

Hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

A sweat gland

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is

A sympathomimetic, a muscarinic blocking and an adrenergic activating drug

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

Abdominopelvic

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions

Acetylcholine, nitric acid, and norepinephrine

The inherited brain disorder Huntington disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________.

Acetylcholine; GABA

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

Activates β2 adrenergic receptors and blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

Beta1 adrenergic

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A drug that

Blocks alpha-1 receptors in skin and skeletal muscle, and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

Cardiac plexus

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

Celiac ganglion

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the

Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric

After arousal by a sensory stimulus, consciousness can be maintained by positive feedback, because of activity in the

Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, sensory pathways, and motor pathways

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

Chain

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

Decreased blood pressure

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except

Decreased heart rate

Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?

Defecation, vomiting, pupillary, ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli reflex

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?

Depression

Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?

Diarrhea, salivation, very low heart rate, and sweating

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

Digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

Digestive tract

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to

Dilate airways

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

Dilate the right pupil

During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs

Elevated heart rate, elevated blood pressure, sweating, and elevated blood glucose

The suprarenal medullae secrete

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

Excessive heart rate

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

Ganglionic neurons

Alzheimer disease is characterized by all of the following, except that it

Has a clear genetic basis

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the

Heart, pupils, salivary glands, and lungs

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?

Hippocampus

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

Increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to

Increased sympathetic input and decreased para input

Parasympathetic stimulation

Increases gastric motility

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

Lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?

Left pupil and heart

The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?

Liver, spleen, stomach, and pancreas

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called

Memory consolidation

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the

Mesencephalon

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors

Muscarinic cholinergic

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

Myelinated; unmylenlinated and short;long

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

Myelinated; unmylenlinated and short;long

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.

Norepinephrine; serotonin

Nicotinic receptors

Open chemically gated sodium ion channels

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

Parasympathetic

Craniosacral division is another name for the

Parasympathetic division ANS and rest and digest

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________

Pelvic

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.

Preganglionic

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

Pupillary reflex

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include

Reduction in brain size and weight, decrease in the number of neurons and blood flow to the brain

Ganglionic neurons in the suprarenal gland

Release epinephrine into blood capillaries

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

Release of calcium ions from intercellular stores

The conscious state is maintained by the

Reticular activating system

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called

Senile dementia

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is

Sleep

Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as

Smooth, cardiac, adipose muscle, and glands

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

Sympathetic chain ganglia

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

Sympathetic stimulation is increased

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

Sympathomimetic

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called

Tertiary memories

In deep sleep

The EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave."

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

The brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

The formation of cAMP, increased heart rate, and increased force of contraction

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

They are G proteins, when activated, cAMP levels are affected, epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types, and norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

Thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

Thoracolumbar division

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine." is

True for both para and sympathetic

The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is

True for both parasympathetic and sympathetic

The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is

True for both parasympathtetic and sympathetic

The statement "it controls the diameter of the pupil" is

True for both sympathetic and parasympathetic

The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

True only for parasympathetic

The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

True only for parasympathetic

The statement "its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter

True only for parasympathetic

Postganglionic axons usually are

Unmyelinated

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

Urinary incontinence