Chapter 16 Test
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it
Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options
The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.
Alpha
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to
An increase in metabolic activity, an inhibition of airway smooth muscle, and the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in
An increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel
Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following, except
Anterograde amnesia
Sympathetic nerves
Are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.
Muscarinic receptors
Are normally activated by acetylcholine
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
At pearl-like swellings called varicosities
Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be
Autonomic blocking agents
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia
Collateral
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is
Coma
Autonomic efferents
Conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Sphlanchnic nerve
Consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia
Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the
Splanchnic nerves
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by
Stimulating serotonin receptors
The celiac ganglion innervates the
Stomach, liver, and pancreas
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
Suprarenal
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of
Sympathetic activation, increased levels of epinephrine in the blood , and increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus
Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Vagus nerves
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N
XII
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
Vagus nerves
Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to
Hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?
A sweat gland
A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is
A sympathomimetic, a muscarinic blocking and an adrenergic activating drug
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?
Abdominopelvic
Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions
Acetylcholine, nitric acid, and norepinephrine
The inherited brain disorder Huntington disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________.
Acetylcholine; GABA
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
Activates β2 adrenergic receptors and blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.
Beta1 adrenergic
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A drug that
Blocks alpha-1 receptors in skin and skeletal muscle, and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the
Cardiac plexus
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?
Celiac ganglion
The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the
Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric
After arousal by a sensory stimulus, consciousness can be maintained by positive feedback, because of activity in the
Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, sensory pathways, and motor pathways
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.
Chain
Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?
Decreased blood pressure
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except
Decreased heart rate
Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?
Defecation, vomiting, pupillary, ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli reflex
What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?
Depression
Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?
Diarrhea, salivation, very low heart rate, and sweating
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?
Digestion
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
Digestive tract
Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to
Dilate airways
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to
Dilate the right pupil
During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs
Elevated heart rate, elevated blood pressure, sweating, and elevated blood glucose
The suprarenal medullae secrete
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
Excessive heart rate
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
Ganglionic neurons
Alzheimer disease is characterized by all of the following, except that it
Has a clear genetic basis
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the
Heart, pupils, salivary glands, and lungs
Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?
Hippocampus
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?
Increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to
Increased sympathetic input and decreased para input
Parasympathetic stimulation
Increases gastric motility
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
Lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?
Left pupil and heart
The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?
Liver, spleen, stomach, and pancreas
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called
Memory consolidation
Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the
Mesencephalon
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors
Muscarinic cholinergic
In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.
Myelinated; unmylenlinated and short;long
In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.
Myelinated; unmylenlinated and short;long
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.
Norepinephrine; serotonin
Nicotinic receptors
Open chemically gated sodium ion channels
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."
Parasympathetic
Craniosacral division is another name for the
Parasympathetic division ANS and rest and digest
Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________
Pelvic
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.
Preganglionic
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?
Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long
Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?
Pupillary reflex
Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include
Reduction in brain size and weight, decrease in the number of neurons and blood flow to the brain
Ganglionic neurons in the suprarenal gland
Release epinephrine into blood capillaries
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in
Release of calcium ions from intercellular stores
The conscious state is maintained by the
Reticular activating system
An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called
Senile dementia
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is
Sleep
Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as
Smooth, cardiac, adipose muscle, and glands
Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within
Sympathetic chain ganglia
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when
Sympathetic stimulation is increased
Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are
Sympathomimetic
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called
Tertiary memories
In deep sleep
The EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave."
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
The brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
The formation of cAMP, increased heart rate, and increased force of contraction
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?
They are G proteins, when activated, cAMP levels are affected, epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types, and norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?
Thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
Thoracolumbar division
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine." is
True for both para and sympathetic
The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is
True for both parasympathetic and sympathetic
The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is
True for both parasympathtetic and sympathetic
The statement "it controls the diameter of the pupil" is
True for both sympathetic and parasympathetic
The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is
True only for parasympathetic
The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is
True only for parasympathetic
The statement "its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter
True only for parasympathetic
Postganglionic axons usually are
Unmyelinated
Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating
Urinary incontinence