Chapter 17 and the Ear

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to A. regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system. B. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands. C. stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. D. stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone. E. stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain.

B. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

35. When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone is considered: A. the G-protein. B. the second messenger. C. the first messenger. D. the hormone-response element. E. the phospholipase.

C

36. A G protein is: A. a type of water-soluble hormone. B. a second messenger activated by a steroid hormone. C. a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell. D. a receptor for a water-soluble hormone that causes arachidonic acid to be extracted from a phospholipid.

C

True or False: Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the three classes of hormones.

False

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

Glucagon

The word can be defined as a series of small waterfalls, one leading to the next. Describe a specific second messenger cascade that results from the series of chemical reactions (from one to the next) initiated by a hormone binding to its receptor.

There are a few different examples provided in section 17.5b; one describes how glucagon works through the cAMP, PKA cascade to cause release of glucose from liver cells (p663-664). The receptor activates the G-protein, which activates AC, which synthesizes cAMP, which activates PKA, which phosphorylates enzymes within the liver cell.

True or False: Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets

True

True or False: Increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

True

True or False: The pars distalis is part of the adenohypophysis.

True

True or False: When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH), they take up TH precursors from the inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatically modify them within a lysosome, and release TH to the blood.

True

38. In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates: A. phospholipase C. B. protein kinase A. C. calmodulin. D. adenylate cyclase.

A

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that: A. each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many. B. each step involves one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control. C. enzymes are used up and degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze.

A

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a: Primary plexus b: Secondary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal veins

A-B-C

25. Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from: A. cholesterol. B. glycerol. C. amines. D. polypeptides. E. nucleic acids.

A. Cholesterol

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

A. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

58. Where is the pituitary gland located? A. Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone B. Between the cerebrum and cerebellum, inferior to the occipital lobe C. On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland D. On the tracheal surface, inferior to the larynx E. Within the third ventricle of the brain

A. within the sella turcica of the phenoid bone

59. The three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary are the A. pars nervosa, pars distalis, and pars intermedia. B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. C. pars tuberalis, median eminence, and pars intermedia. D. pars tuberalis, pars distalis, and pars nervosa. E. pars intermedia, median eminence, and pars distalis.

B.

The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________.

B. inferior, infundibulum

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of: A. adenylate cyclase. B. mRNA for myosin. C. inositol triphosphate. D. glucose.

C.

19. Eicosanoids are synthesized from: A. cholesterol. B. prostaglandin. C. arachidonic acid. D. amino acids.

C. Arachidonic acid

55. The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the A. anterior pituitary. B. posterior pituitary. C. paraventricular nucleus. D. pineal gland. E. nucleus of the solitary tract.

C. Paraventricular nucleus

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the A. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland B. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland. C. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. D. posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. E. thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland.

C. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

68. Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? A. Prolactin and oxytocin B. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin C. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone and growth hormone

C. follicle stimulation hormone and luteinizing hormone

Until thyroid hormone needs to be secreted, precursors to it are stored in a viscous, protein- rich fluid within the center of thyroid follicles. This viscous fluid is known as _________.

Colloid

85. The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon Face''

Cushing syndrom

Once a structure is fully grown and mature it will probably: A. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. B. up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate. C. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. D. down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

D.

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? A. Autocrine hormone B. Water-soluble hormone C. Oligopeptide D. Lipid-soluble hormone

D. Lipid soluble hormone

2. Endocrine glands: A. are ductless glands. B. are the organs of the endocrine system. C. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. D. help maintain homeostasis. E. All choices are correct

E. All choices are correct

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets? A. Alpha cell B. Delta cell C. Beta cell D. F cell E. C cell

E. C cells

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? A. Corticosteroids B. Glucocorticoids C. Mineralocorticoids D. Gonadocorticoids E. No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

E. no exceptions, all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex.

True or False: Although hormones influence activity in the neural and reproductive systems, they do not influence the digestive system.

False

True or false The function of each of the regulatory hormones of the hypothalamus is to trigger the release of a tropic hormone from the pituitary.

False

True or false: Each of the body& blood-borne hormones comes from one of the major glands, namely, the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands.

False

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

Hypothalamus

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to:

Increase

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.

Increase, Increase

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

Increase, Increase

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

Insulin

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express:

More receptors for sex hormones

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

Negative feedback

The small, cone-shaped gland that is in the epithalamus of the brain is the _______ gland.

Pineal

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color.

Posterior, Yellow

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

Posterior, spleen

The binding of a hormone and carrier protein is _______; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

Temporary, large

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone:

The more frequently it has to be replaced

True or false: The liver contains endocrine cells

True

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

Type one diabetes

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.

antagonistically

When eicosanoids bring about cellular changes within the same cell from which they were formed, the process is called _________ stimulation.

autocrine

14. Modified amino acids that act as hormones are referred to as ________ amines.

biogenic

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.

decrease, increase

Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone _________.

glucagon

Generally, there are two main factors that determine the levels of a hormone in the blood. Explain what those factors are and provide examples of how they might increase or decrease a hormone level.

hormone synthesis is directly related to plasma hormone levels, and hormone elimination (by liver, kidneys, and target cell uptake) is inversely related to plasma hormone levels.

Lipophilic hormones bind to ___________ receptors of target cells.

intercellular

5. The hormones and neurotransmitters released by the endocrine and nervous systems are chemical substances referred to as _________.

ligands

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancratic juice

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.

paracrine

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary.

somatotropic

The half-life of a hormone is:

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

thyroglobulin

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to: A. up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. B. up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity. C. down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. D. down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity.

A.

Thyroid hormone effects are to A. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. B. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. C. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. D. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. E. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade.

A.

15. Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a: A. biogenic amine that is lipid soluble. B. protein hormone that is water soluble. C. steroid hormone that is water soluble. D. steroid hormone that is lipid soluble. E. monoamine that is water soluble.

A. Biogenic amine that is lipid soluble.

16. Follicle-stimulating hormone is a: A. glycoprotein. B. steroid. C. monoamine. D. oligopeptide

A. Glycoprotein

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels. A. intracellular, raising B. intracellular, lowering C. membrane-bound, raising D. membrane-bound, lowering

A. Intracellular, raising

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the A. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. B. primary plexus. C. secondary plexus. D. supraoptic portal system.

A. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the A. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. B. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the posterior pituitary. C. anterior pituitary and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. D. parathyroid hormone and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. E. thymus and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.

A. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that: A. activate a G-protein and second messenger cascade. B. bind to DNA and initiate transcription. C. open ion channels in the cell membrane. D. activate adenylate cyclase.

B. BInd to DNA and initiate transcription

13. Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be: A. purely neural. B. both hormonal and humoral. C. both antagonistic and synergistic. D. both neural and synergistic. E. purely hormonal.

B. Both hormonal and humoral.

12. Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by: A. hormonal stimulation. B. humoral stimulation. C. neural stimulation. D. positive feedback stimulation.

B. Humoral stimulation.

The thyroid gland is located A. anterior to the atria of the heart. B. immediately anterior to the trachea. C. immediately superior to the larynx. D. immediately posterior to the cricoid cartilage.

B. Immediately anterior to the trachea

1. Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has: A. more localized and long-lasting effects. B. more widespread and long-lasting effects. C. more localized and short-term effects. D. more widespread and short-term effects.

B. More widespread and long lasting effects

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? A. Thyroid follicles B. Ovaries and testes C. Mammary glands D. Uterus E. Hair follicles

B. Ovaries and testes

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by A. adrenocorticotropic hormone. B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. C. follicle-stimulating hormone. D. growth hormone. E. thyrotropic hormone.

B. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

17. Protein hormones are: A. lipid-soluble. B. water-soluble. C. soluble in both water and lipids. D. soluble in neither water nor lipids.

B. Water-soluble

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause A. Graves disease. B. acromegaly. C. pituitary gigantism. D. pituitary dwarfism. E. Cushing syndrome.

B. acromegaly

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by A. thyroid hormone. B. adrenocorticotropic hormone. C. oxytocin. D. antidiuretic hormone. E. luteinizing hormone.

B. adrenocorticotropic hormone

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary A. are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary. B. are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive. C. are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus. D. are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system.

B. are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is A. cortisol. B. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). C. vasopressin. D. adrenal follicle-stimulating hormone. E. cortical stimulating factor (CSF).

B. corticotropin-releasing hormone

52. Two regions of the hypothalamus that are associated with the posterior pituitary are the A. primary plexus and pars distalis. B. paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. C. supraoptic nucleus and pars distalis. D. primary plexus and paraventricular nucleus. E. pars tuberalis and pars intermedia.

B. paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus.

52. Two regions of the hypothalamus that are associated with the posterior pituitary are the: A. primary plexus and pars distalis. B. paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. C. supraoptic nucleus and pars distalis. D. primary plexus and paraventricular nucleus. E. pars tuberalis and pars intermedia.

B. paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus.

37. Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates: A. the G-protein. B. adenylate cyclase. C. protein kinase. D. the receptor. E. transcription of a mRNA.

C

24. Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore: A. steroids. B. biogenic amines. C. proteins. D. catecholamines

C. Proteins

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which: A. a glandular cell decreases the amount of hormone it secretes. B. a large amount of hormone shuts down all metabolic activity in a target cell. C. a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone. D. a carrier protein increases the rate of degradation for a hormone and thereby decreases its blood concentration. E. a carrier protein decreases the rate of degradation of the protein it ferries.

C. a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

Which is not true about the thyroid gland? A. It requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormone. B. It is located on the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage. C. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure. D. It secretes thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by TSH. E. An enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goiter.

C. it has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? A. GH affects most body cells. B. GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis. C. GH is also known as somatotropin. D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin. E. GH is a tropic hormone.

D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? A. Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone B. Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone E. Hyposecretion of calcitonin

D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone.

Which is not a tropic hormone? A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Follicle-stimulating hormone D. Prolactin

D. Prolactin

3. Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? A. Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells B. Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours C. Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks D. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level E. Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream

D. Recovery time: Rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

84. What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? A. Regulate glucose levels in the blood B. Act as secondary sex hormones C. Stimulate metabolism of lipids D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids E. Stimulate metabolism of proteins

D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? A. Zona reticularis B. Zona glucosa C. Zona papillarosa D. Zona fasciculata E. Zona glomerulosa

D. Zona fasciculata

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas? A. It is located posterior to the stomach, between the small intestine and the spleen. B. It is a heterocrine, or mixed, gland. C. It is elongated in shape, spongy, and nodular. D. The majority of cells in the pancreas are pancreatic acini. E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.

E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.

11. The parathyroid glands are located: A. just below the thalamus. B. within the thymus. C. above the kidneys. D. anterior to the thyroid gland. E. posterior to the thyroid gland.

E. Posterior to the thyroid gland.

True or False: Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms of which hormone it carries through the blood.

False

True or False: Like proteins, eicosanoids are synthesized on ribosomes in a process that involves transcription and translation.

False

True or False: The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds.

False

True or false: Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone.

True

True or false: Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is one of the regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus that acts on the pituitary.

True