Chapter 18

Cultural-linguistic markets

build on common languages and common cultures that span borders -Smaller than global, but larger than national

India's state TV (Doordarshan) intiallay tried to use TV to reach better health and agricultural practices to villagers

but in the 1970's & 80's, then-prime minister discovered it to be a very powerful political tool -Urban and middle-class viewers rebelled, demanding more entertainment -After that, Doorarshan had to be content to insert subtle pro-development themes (child health care and family planning) into soap operas that people like to watch

Music now sells in many forms

cassette, CDs, MP3 and streaming online -Piracy is prevalent in most places that music groups earn a living, mostly from live performances

There can be a contradictory tug-of-war between

cultural proximity and imported production values or, the cosmopolitan appela of sophisticated imported programs

International films, even when produced at national expense

do not break through the largely Hollywood-based control of international distribution -Most national markets, with the exception of larger nations are not big enough to make money with films that have little chance of international distribution

Production technology costs are going down, groups od experinced tehcnicians and artists have been trained in most countries, new stars/producers emerge on Youtube, and a number of low-cost program forms or genres have been devloped

even more expensive shows, like soap operas, are increasingly produced nationally

After the 1840's, newswire services, based on the then-now technology of the telegraph, the US Associated Press (AP), British Reuters, and Agence France Presse (AFP) were the:

first electronic news services, anticipating the increase in speed and volume of information of the internet

American producers used the cartel monopoly power to

fix prices, allocate and dominate markets, undercut and destroy other nation's film industries, and control global distributions in favor of Hollywood films over all others

Format sales give countries a sort of "program in a box" to produce locally

foreign format shows are invading TV in the US and else where in big ways

Privatizing

government assets refers to selling them to private owners -done to take broadcasting out of the public budget and make it privately supported through advertising -Many public broadcasters are feeling budget pressures, so many public and state channels now carry advertising

Korea has a much higher proportion of broadband users than the US does

government programs push this infrastructure and make it affordable -The US is barely in the top 20 globally in terms of speed, quality, and access to broadband internet

One threat to global and local music is piracy

in many countries, local and national musicians cannot make any money selling records since nearly all copies sold are pirated illegally -Artists support themselves by touring and giving concerts --> deterring people from becoming professional musicians

Regionalization of media is growing, as well

in several regions of the world, magazines, newspapers, and books have been transported easily across borders for centuries, serving regions of common language or culture

Music is much cheaper to produce than film or TV

it serves a wide variety of subcultures and market niches within and across nations because of this

Besides language, other aspects of culture are important in defining audiences

jokes, slang, historical references, political references, the familiarity of landscape and city spaces, gossip about stars, and remarks about current people and events are often culture or nation specific

Although geographical closeness or proximity helps media cross borders

language and culture seem more important than geography

Regionalization

links nations together based on geographic culture, linguistic, and historical commonalities

Glocal

local people borrowing or adapting global ideas -national soap opera reflects local culture, it can still help other countries if sponsored by a company in another country

Companies would refocus the market where they traditionally had influence and knew how to operate

major companies also suffered setbacks speculating in licenses for emerging wireless technology like third generation wireless

New has flowed across borders for hundreds of years

many early newspaper and newsletters installed correspondents in other countries so that they could publish foreign news for themselves

American TV exports represent a steadily increasing share of TV producers' profits

many shows made more money overseas than in the US, a number of American producers began to shape their programs to anticipate and maximize overseas sales in the 1980's and 1990's

A number of national telecommunication companies are going international or regional

many telephone companies brought telephone, cellular telephone, and data communications companies to Latin America, Africa, and Asia in the 1990's -As global telecommunications capacity busted in early 2000's, many firms sold off their international interests as profitability declined

Truly globalized markets are emerging as

many youths are exposed to the internet and shop online

American media still play a prominent role in the global scene, but

media industries from a number of other countries are also heavily involved across the world -There are also media whose goal is to cover a region -Some media, like FB, now explicitly target the world even if they started in a very specific place

As music production becomes cheaper all over the world

more groups are recording at all levels: local, national, and regional

As radio and TV became the dominant news media in many countries, the wire services developed material for them and later so did satellite channels (CNN)

news agencies now have to compete with the many news sources now available to everyone online

Cultural imperialism

occurs when some countries dominate others through the media Media products made in the United States dominate popular culture worldwide -The Simpsons (in over 200 countries in 2015) -Rupert Murdoch's companies reach about 3/4 of the globe with satellite Tv signals and even more countries with movies and Tv programs

The spread of the internet was initially slower, but growing rapidly

often uses cellular infrastructure to make up for the lack of wireless phone of cable TV

An increasing number of firms (like Fox and Sony) do actively look for international films to distribute to the US and abroad as well as,

opportunities to coproduce films with foreign companies

Although American-made films, TV shows, and music remain attractive to world audiences,

other global, regional, national, and local media industries, audiences, and regulatory bodies are emerging, with a wide variety of ideas, genres, and agendas

TV flow from news sources increased dramatically

other satellite-based news operations began to offer entire newscasts and even all-day news coverage across border, primarily to satellite TV receivers and cable TV operations

Many experts fear that relatively limited access to computers will keep businesses and professionals in the poorest developing countries from competing in a globalized market

others now hope that smartphones and tablets may make up some of the gap in receiving and creating information

Although cultural proximity is a strong factor, audiences in many countries still respond ver well to some kinds of important programs

particularly those whose emphasis is on action, sex, and violence, where dialogue or cultural nuances are minimized -Many of the most popular US films now focus on action and are explicitly aimed at foreign markets since it brings up to 3x more revenue

Rating and audience research over the years tend to show that, given a choice, people tend to

prefer to see national content in media

Telecommunication networks and the Internet permit outsourcing

ranging from computer programming to telephone call centers -Standardizes technologies into a single network that was much cheaper to use (small businesses could upgrade to faster technology) -Lack of information communication technology still hampers poorer countries

Facebook could be a dominant force in global media if it achieves its plan to

reach most of the world's mobile phones

Globalization

reducing differences that existed between nations in time, space, and culture

Localized

refers to a global company adapting its programs to local markets to make them more attractive

Turkey, Egypt, and Lebanon dominate a regional market in the Middle East characterized by

shared geography, language, and/or culture -Similar to the regional market for Mexican TV that includes US Hispanics

A significant exception to the localization of TV in many places is TV news

since the 1970's, TV news flow began to increase steadily from wire services, such as the Associated Press and news film sources from UK -They offered filmed footage for various national TV operations to use in their newscasts

Imported Tv formats are often replacing imported TV programs

since they have some advantaged of cultural proximity while retaining the value of using formulas that are proven rating successes elsewhere

There is a truly global music industry based primarily in the Us and Europe

speaking to a globalized youth culture

UNESCO

started in 1946, not with a regulatory focus, but with a mandate to increase exchanges of knowledge, education, and media between countries, hoping to reduce war and conflict in the long run

Technology changes, like global flow of music files over the internet can increase access to US music, but

technologies, like internet radio, digital downloads or streaming, and videos on YouTube are all increasingly used for regional and national music

Even as global and cultural linguistic markets for media are all increasingly important

the main point at which media are paid for through advertising fees, created, regulated, and consumed remains the nation

Cultural proximity

the preference of audiences for media in their own language and culture

Satellite footprint

the surface area covered by the satellite's signal -Almost automatically cover multiple countries , requiring international agreements on coverage and standards

The globalization of media is probably the most pervasive at the level of technology and media industry models ways of organizing and creating media

the world is becoming a more integrated market based in capitalist or market place economics -This exerts pressures to make media more commercial, supported by ads aimed at consumers, and to privatize or commercializes telecommunications or other media that were once government owned

Many producers have discovered that making too many references to current politics, use too much slang, or otherwise focus too narrowly on current local issues

their program are less well received form around the world -Seinfeld is too specific to the US -Sex and the City and The Simpsons does better abroad

Frequency and orbit allocations are routinely recorded by the ITU's B (boradcastig) division and overseen by periodic World Administrative Radio Conferences

they deice which country gets which orbit and frequencies -Poor countries complained this favors the larger ones

Hollywood studios, organized under the MPAA, have worked together to promote exports and control overseas distribution networks

they have done so with cooperation and collusion -Can be considered an anticompetitive violation of antitrust laws if were done domestically (permitted under Webb-Pomerene Act 1918)

People find international soap interesting because

they speak deeply to key issues for almost everyone: -the need to get ahead -the need to keep your family together -the ups and downs of romance -complex emotions that family life stirs up

In order for American firms to do Internet business in Europe, they have to negotiate an adjustment to those European rules

this is an area in which European standards may well push the United States toward stricter rules on privacy than would otherwise have been the case

As smartphones become primary means of accessing the internet

those networks are finally being built and becoming profitable -particularly in developing areas where cable never existed -Middle income nations are pushing to complete national 3G coverage -Advanced markets have 4G or LTE

Global corporations have to meet EU rules to operate in the large part of the global economy

those rules may become their working global standard

ITU created a third major dividion, development

to work with developing countries to accelerate their adoption of new telecomminications and broadcast-related technologies -Created WSIS in 2003 to focus on needs to promote greater internet access in developing countries. Also challenged US control voer Internet standards via ICANN

International law

treaties between countries, multi-country agreements, and rules established by international organizations

International media and telecommunication systems are regulated differently from national media systems

usually no direct enforcement power and regulation requires a consensus among nations that the proposed regulations or changes serve their various interests

People use the internet to find information and many have similar questions

webpages can be translated into 40 different languages instead of developing a separate webpage for each country. -Controversy over global campaigns and some firms find it better to go local in marketing strategies

Those who prefer and imported program are also more likely to be

well-off, better-educated, and urban

Twenty years ago, both the rich and poor's experiences relied on TV, but this is now changed

while over 90% of South Koreans have broadband internet access, less than 2% of Mozambicans have any kind of internet access

The Us dominates the film world

-American films filled over 80% of theater seats in Europe in 2014 -Overseas sales can more than triple those in the US

The strength of national and local radio has a great deal to do with a revival in national and local music around the globe

-Artists can be heard around the world on many station that appeal to affluent and globalized young people, but other stations are playing music by local artists --> appealing to more middle-class, working-class and poor people

Most often, music development has been left to musicians's initiatiave, market forces, and audience demand

-Audience members are often willing to pay for local and national music, although they also listen to and purchase global music

Some countries are getting creative with financial incentives to promote national film production

-Brazil lettgin natoinal and international companies deduct any losses on Brazilian film investment from their taxes --> film investment and production increased by 100 films a yeay

Rising trend for local versions of popular shows

-Brazilian version of Big Brother in its 15th season in 2015

When AT&T invested in foreign telecommunication companies, it also had competition

-British Telecom (UK) -Telefonica (Spain) T-Mobile (Germany) in the US

Internet is a revolutionary force in global information flow and a current challenge for many governments

-Can read news about your own country in official sources and foreign newspapers, international newswire servicesm political dissidents, and other sources not approved by government -Government controlling flows into country to limit access to certain content (politically threatening info)

Governments sometimes require that a certain proportion of nationally produced music be played on radio stations

-Canada requires satellite radio Sirius to include Canadian content -May subsidize national music industries to make sure that local music is produced

Nations vary considerable and what they can or will do to create media

-Companies based in larger, more prosperous nations can create more media content in those in small, poorer nations -Production companies in the US, UK, Japan, India, South Korea, and other media powers can afford lavish production values

Among the main issues in globalization of communications media are:

-Cultural imperialism -Media and information flows -Free flow of information -Media trade -Hacking and cyber-warfare between nations (and possibly large companies, as well) -The effects of media on national development.

In the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) regions (Canada, US, and Mexico), governments have negotiated agreements on ohw to handle such media border crossings

-EU 1989 tried to have "TV without frontiers" within EU, but the attempt to produce programming for a Europe wide TV market proved difficult --> Europeans are still divided by language and culture (don't want to read or watch in another language)

Quite a few films are produced in Asia (primarily India and China)

-Egypt is the film center of the Arab world -Nigeria of West Africa -Mexico and Brazil produce more films than any other Latin American countries Shows that film industries can be maintained, even in some developing countries if the domestic market is large or if the film companies produce for a multicountry audience and market

ITU is one of the few organizations to achieve any real power and change

-Encouraged ICANN to create URLs in all languages to enable global use of internet -Main division of ITU (ITU-T, telecommunications) is involved with technical standards for telecommunications -Controls some of the same regulatory problems individual nations solve within borders -Allocates the space orbits for satellite, since those orbits lie above and across national boundaries

Language provides a strong natural barrier to media improts

-In the US, most of what little imported TV or film comes from UK, Canada, New Zealand, or Australia because they are similar culturally and speak the same language -Many global youth are getting used to listening to music in English --> some have to sing in English to break into US market

Global institutions and companies have a major impact

-International Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocate satellite orbits, determine broadcast frequencies, and define the standard for telephones, mobile phones, faxes, and Internet connections -Cable & Wireless of the UK, Telefonica (Spain) run much of the world's communications infrastructure -Rupert Murdoch reached people directly with media and forced domestic competitors to react to them

Public broadcasters sometimes have let political parties control their news and information programs

-Italy, Silvio Berlusconi rose to political power by controlling the dominant three private networks, then maintained power, despite his conviction for tax evasion, by also controlling 3 public TV networks as prime minister

Where other aspects of culture are shared can help build cross-national markets

-Latin American countries used to import American situation comedies in the 1950's and 1960's --> now tend to import comedy shows from one another -US Spanish speaking audiences who usually prefer Mexican shows to Hollywood since they feel more familiar

National government can help or hinder media growth

-National goals for media, reflected in government policies, are often very different and they significantly affect how media are structured and what they create -Some nations, like China, expect media to cooperate with government political and economic goals -Some like Saudi Arabia or Pakistan, expect media to project a certain set of religious values

Majority of media companies have been structured to serve national markets, even though transnational and global companies are on the rise

-National governments have far more effective control over media through station licensing, economic controls, technology controls, and subsidies than regional or global institutions or treaties

Streaming on demand is a new trend, complicating film and TV distribution

-Netflix pushing international growth hard --> over 130 countries in 20 languages

Internet has attracted a wide variety of unexpected new users in a variety of countries

-Nonprofit and governmental organizations (human rights groups, churches, labor unions, etc.) -Tool for dictators who use social media to identity dissidents whom they arrest

Mobiles have exploded globally so that there is an average 90 mobiles per 100 people in most of the world

-Poorest areas lag behind -Mobile phones are the fastest at diffusing communication services since TV -Most countries have cell service as their primary telephone and increasingly as their major form of access to the internet

The internet exploded out of the US and into the rest of the world

-Proved attractive almost everywhere but computers and telephones that form the backbone of the internet are in much shorter supply in most developing countries

Since 1990, European, Asian, and other countries have increased private commercial broadcasting and reduced government and public ownership

-Publics often push for more broadcasting choices -Advertisers (both local and foreign) push to have commercial stations to put advertising on -Most countries have liberalized competition in broadcasting by permitting new private companies and individuals to enter the market

The Internet raises a number of new prospects for communication across borders

-Sending emails -WWW -Social networks -Music of video downloading

Other tough regulatory issues on the near horizon for the global Internet:

-Setting and collecting taxes on Internet commerce -Many European and other countries get much of their revenue from sales taxes that are evaded by Internet commerce. -Countries around the world also have very different positions on things like pornography or hate speech

Global media are not a Hollywood monopoly

-Simpsons made by animators in South Korea -Some major US media companies have been recently owned by Japanese (sony) or Canadian (Warne Records) companies -Rupert Murdoch: first based in Australia --> UK --> US

Many international producers have started working with Hollywood in financing, distribution, or even broader coproduction

-Some countries (Canada) offer sizable production incentives to have Hollywood companies shoot there -Becoming common to shoot exteriors in one country and sound stage scenes in another, edit in another, and add special effects in another Low-cost shooting locales, but finance and distribution remains centered in Hollywood

The purchase and use of computers and tablets have been spreading worldwide, but unequally

-Some countries: only the rich can afford -Others: government does not allow (Korea and Cuba fear residents will learn inconvenient truths about their living conditions)

A handful of publicly traded firms dominate the most globalized part of the media system

-Some of the largest are Disney, Comcast, Rupert Murdoch's news corporation, Warner-EMI, Sony -other main global firms: Apple, Microsoft, Google, FB, Amazon, Vivendi

In Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, governments often have owned and operated broadcasting systems in order to control radio and TV content

-Stated intention: to use radio and TC as powerful tools to develop their societies, but controlling politics is often the hidden agenda

Government controls over private broadcasters has varied among these countries

-Stricter controls in Canada than in the US (gov has tried to restrict the importation of programs from the US) -Many Latin American and Eastern European governments have exerted strong control over private broadcasters to obtain political support, mostly through economic pressures -In most private broadcasting systems, entertainment programming has dominated to meet the demands of advertisers for large audiences

Some films must be remade in the home country for audiences to enjoy

-The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009, Australia) did not do as well as the US version (2011)

Sports and music, which transcend culture and linguistic barriers have helped pan-European Tv channels grow and find audiences

-They still prefer their own, but are more willing to listen to other nations music

The EU has also pushed against monopoly dominance by U.S. companies

-Threatened to take Apple to court for closing iTunes to competitors -Fined Microsoft for restricting competition with its proprietary technologies like Internet Explorer or Windows Media Player -Investigating Google for similar restriction of competition by forcing companies who license the Google Android cellular operating system who feature Google applications on their home screens

Music around the world seems to be both the most globalized and the most localized media

-Travelers to almost any country will hear a great deal of American and European music, but they will also hear a variety of local music -Nearly all cultures have a musical tradition --> usually adapts well to being recorded, played on the radio, streamed online, and sold on CDs

Local music can reflect location preferences in local languages and local news and talk tend to cover things that most concern people in daily life

-Wales: radio stations attract people to listening in Welsh in order to get the language alive and sell ads to the locals -A growing global community radio movement, trying to get more community groups on the air, strengthens this this trend

Among the few foreign, non-English speaking genre to be hits in the US are:

-stylish, violent action films from Hong Kong and China -Love dramas form Korea -Sexy, violent, cartoons from japan -Sports are universal appeal -Pop music is globalzied

Language is a crucial divider of media markets

-trade in TV between countries has been shaped by language and language seems to be shaping Internet patterns, as well

Several current reasons why film production, finance, and distribution remain concentrated in the US

1. Film is relatively expensive to produce (Hollywood film over $85 million; Global promotion costs continue to rise) 2. The economic success of a film is never guaranteed so it represents an expensive, risky investment to the producers, investors, and other funding sources, which many countries are unable to sustain 3. the distribution channels to enable a film to make money have been globalized to a greater degree than any other medium, except news services

Several key reasons why American film have dominated in variety of markets:

1. the enormous size of the US market for movies, which for many years permitted Hollywood to recover most of the costs of films in their domestic release 2. The heterogenous nature of the US audience, which includes diverse groups that demand simple, more entertainment orientated and more universal films

MTV is a an example of a channel that has become global in reach effectively

200 versions worldwide, with localizing what it does to each market, with local music and programs

Nation-states can still be powerful if they are well organized and determined

2014 European Union gave its citizens the "right to delete" links to misleading, defamatory content about themselves

Of the top 12-13 global media firms,

8-9 of them are American -depending on how one defines groups like News Corp -These types of companies are growing and globalizing quickly

Films of significant quality and interest have been produced in many countries, but few countries are currently producing many feature films

A number of poor nations have produced only a few full-length films in their histories (others not at all) -Film production has slowed down in many countries, such as most of Latin America and Africa, as many companies or government production institutes have fallen into debt or suffered other economic crisis

Other major aspect of globalization is the increasingly worldwide penetration of media technology

All nations now have quite a few people using the internet and satellite TV -New media can greatly increase global reach and access for many, but new media coexists with a global digital divide

In radio, the urge for cultural proximity by audience and market segmentations by advertisers often favors the very local

Although, people still want to hear national and global music and news

Internet-based TV is also revolutionizing much of the world

Amateur and professional producers in many places use YouTube, national equivalents to YouTube, and variety of social media networks to reach audiences

Television has a much more complicated flow between countries than film

American TV programs are very common and visible globally, but many other producers sell programs to national and transnational cultural linguistic markets, as well

Privacy laws have already required intense negotiation between EU standards, which are very protective of privacy and

American standard, which are much looser and less defined

Quotas or barriers to the import of film and TV lose some of their force when young, tech-savy viewers can download shows in different countries even though its banned form broadcast or local cable

Another major force in TV flow is the existence of global companies that stream TV contents between nations, either legally or illegally

New forms of TV are doing recognizable TV genres but also redefining genres like documentaries

As more mobile phones can record video and permit viewers to access it, new TV will explode and redefine what the medium means

Most countries produce increasing amounts of their own TV, music, Internet content, and magazines

But if they produce them by drawing on other country's models and genre ideas or format, it becomes a somewhat globalized product

The US, Japan, and others have more than 60 wired telephones and 90-110 mobile phones per 100 people. Also have an internet built on the telephone and cable infrastructure

But some nations have less than one wired telephone line per 100 people and ave moved to a largely cellular based phone and internet system

Time Warner and Disney generated around 15% of their income outside of the US in 2014

By 2014, countries outside the Us represented 70% of the total box office for all films

Several nations have developed their own satellite TV channels aimed at both national audiences and neighbors within the same cultural lingustic market

Can create a region-wide TV news audience

Facebook is one of the most popular websites in over 130 countries worldwide

Compete with some companies in parts of the world like Renren in China

The ownership of Hollywood itself became globalized when Sony purchased Columbia and TriStar film groups

Critics scrutinized the results to see whether films produced by Sony reflected Japanese, rather than American sensibilities (no real change found) -Both Bollywood (India) and Nollywood (Nigeria) are challenging Hollywood by turning out thousands of films at lower costs and releasing them for much lower costs too

US productions largely dominate video rental stocks since the same Hollywood firms that dominate theatrical distributions supply them

DVD sales or rentals are more diverse since there are parallel circuits for distributing films and TV programs from local producers to immigrant populations around the world who miss media from home

The internet has required some new regulatory mechanisms for basic tasks like setting standards and assignment domain names

Debates on: -Assigning domain names that use world languages -shifting power over ICANN from the US to the ITU

Cable TV has been expanding in most countries of the world

Direct broadcast satellite has also rapidly spread

Production of computers has been limited to a few countries in North America, Europe, Latin America, and East Asia

Efforts in less industrialized countries to develop computer hardware have been frustrating and expensive -The unequal distribution of income would allow fewer people in the developing world to afford computers for these reasons

2016

Facebook has 1.59 billion members worldwide

As elements of telecommunications infrastructure, satellites compete with an extensive set of world and regional fiber-optic networks

Fiber-optic cables carry the same kinds of signals carried by satellites across transoceanic distances, with greater speed and less distortion

The infrastructure for international media and information services has also become more globalized

For transoceanic transmission, there are several worldwide satellite networks, both government and commercial. -Quite a few national satellite systems also offer telephone and Tv transmission services to neighboring countries

Facebook is exploring new technologies from wifi towers to drones or balloons to get basic internet access out to its perspective customers

Google and FB press into developing countries that have unreliable telephone lines or slow internet connections to carry simplified versions of their programs to be able to use

2010

Google violates European Union privacy protections by collecting street-level data

There are also thriving national and regional music industries with a variety of genres and audiences, which is also popular in most countries

Historically, audience tastes tend to be multilayered, with many people listening to global music, regional or national music and local music to fit the different needs/interests

Film is the most globalized and most difficult to produce on a sustained basis international media

Hollywood film gained decisive advantage when WW1 and WW2 destroyed the competing film industries -After WW2, US government pressure on both conquered nations and former allies pushed them to open their markets wider to Us film in order to receive postwar aid

1865

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) begins as the International Telegraph Union

2003

ITU hosts World Summit on the Information Society to promote use of the Internet in poorer countries

Satellite orbits, like radio frequencies and telephone/mobile standards, are are regulated by the ITU

ITU was abosrbed into the larger United Nations System when it was started in 1945

A number of counties (UK, Taiwan) established quotes limiting the amount of imported TV programming to be shown

In 1989, the European Economic Community required member nations to carry at least 50% of TV programming produced within Europe -Hollywood and US government officials protested these rules at trade talks in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in regional treaties like NAFTA

Major companies that dominate international music import also sell the dominant American and European pop music around the world

In many countries and regions, they also record and sell works by national or cultural-linguistic market artists -gives them a stake at promoting those artists, both at home and abroad when they perceive that there might be an export market

Access to TV is somewhat unequal around the globe still

In some parts of the world (much of Africa) most of the population still doesn't watch TV, particularly outside of the cities -Only 35-40% have a TV in Mozambique -Even the poorest in Latin America and East & South Asia have a TV --> more than any other medium

At first, US film studios and independent producers sold TV programs worldwide with the same economic and cultural advantages that American film producers had enjoyed

In the 1960's & 70's, American film, sitcoms, action-adventures, and cartoons flooded into many other countries -Since then, many countries have begun to create much of their own TV and to buy more from other countries, besides the US

In many countries, films are now most commonly seen on video or on Tv, rather than cinema houses

In the more affluent parts of most countries, increasing numbers of the middle class and economic elite have DVDs, satellites, or cable TV and Internet downloads or streaming to watch films or TV

Because the print media's reach is limited in many countries by low literacy and purchasing power broadcast media took on increased importance

In the poorest countries, radio is still the main mass medium for many people -In several parts of Africa and South Asia, some people do not even have access to radio because the signal does not reach them, they can't afford a receiver, or they don't have electricity or the means to recharge batteries

Some of the poorest countries where domestic radio stations don't cover the whole country, people in remote area may listen to international broadcasters

International radio commercial radio stations, or foreign government stations are usually on short-wave frequencies that can carry across thousands of miles

Through their frequency licensing power, almost all governments get involved in planning who gets to own or operate radio/TV stations

Leads many of them to get involved in controlling content -As TV becomes more broadly defined to include a variety of video productions on channels like Youtube, much bigger variety of actors are getting involved

Film finance is also drifting offshore

Mainland China is beginning to emerge as a financial power in film production -Both private investors and government-backed media funds are backing coproductions with Hollywood Studios

More countries are competing to sell or transmit media to others

Mexico, Brazil, India, and South Korea compete worldwide -"Gangnam Style" (South Korea) topped billboard charts in the Us and was the first music video to top 1 billion views globally

American TV programs face increased competition in a number of areas

More nations at virtually all levels of wealth are creating more of their own programming, in new forms of TV (like Youtube)

An increasing amount of countries created cable channels that show nationally produced movies almost exclusively

Notable distribution vehicle for national films that many viewers would not see otherwise

New services have begun in hotspot areas

Now try to use medium wave radio, which can be received by more people than short wave

The US and Canadian markets remain the most important to Hollywood, but

Other markets like Europe and Asia Pacific have grown greatly between 2006 and 2015

Some countries (Brazil, France) are aiming to be more self-sufficient in film

Others (China) want to produce for more global markets either alone, with regional partners, or with Hollywood

Record companies are similarly structured expect that they have more diverse set of origins and an even more international ownership

Parts of the music Big Three are based outside the US, including Warner-EMI, Sony- BMG Music group, and Vivendi-Universal -Russian company, Access, bought a 2% stake in Warner Music Group in 2011 before acquiring EMI -These companies also have large foreign branches that produce and distribute records within other markets, as well as distribute American and European music

State broadcasters are usually supported from government funds

Public radio and TV networks are often supported by audience licensing fees -In order to maintain independence form both government budget control and commercial pressures by advertisers (In Japan, everyone who owns a radio or Tv pays an annual licensing fee to go directly to public broadcasters to finance production)

In most countries, national and local radio become much more important than international radio

Radio can cater to the apparently widespread audience desire for local news, weather, and information and local talk shows and music

In south and east asian, such communication by print and by movement of teachers has been going on for millenia

Radio, TV, and satellite TV signals also spilled directly from one country to its neighbor -Well over half of the Canadian population can directly receive US radio and TV signals

1990

Satellite TV begins to compete with national control of TV

Dissidents that have been exiled from North Korea are creative with sharing information

Send flash drives to North Korea with South Korean shows and news information to those with limited internet or those who are controlled

In many countries, including most of Western Europe, either governments or not-for-profit public corporations originally operated TV broadcasting

Since the 1990's, a number of these countries have also introduced commercial TV, which became economically and culturally powerful -Goal: for public broadcasters to promote education and culture

In a number of countries where film production had been heavily subsidized, governments have found themselves unable to continue to support

Some countries still continue to subsidize their film industry, but this led to conflicts in trade talks with the US, which considers these subsidies an unfair form of protectionism

Many countries also privatized some pblic or government broadcast stations and netowrks

Sometimes, this was to reduce government political control of the state stations -France, privatizing some of the state TV networks to reduce state political power

TV broadcasting in many countries is divided among public, governmental, and private ownership

TV has been very expensive for private media to make it profitable in some poor countries

Now, TV news also flows on the internet

TV news flow s becoming more diverse, although audiences for these channels in the US have been low

The Internet is challenging not only global rules but also regional ones, like the privacy rules of the European Union

The EU has successfully pushed large Internet companies like Google to change its policies on privacy and the right to be left alone, or the right to delete old information on the Internet -The EU is also proposing to unite regulation on such issues across the whole EU region

High costs of US TV programs limits their distribution

The fees charged to foreign stations are set in relation to ratings, which sometimes makes US shows more expensive than domestic ones -Lower local ratings often regulate foreign shows to late-night hours when few are watching

Computers entered into business globally at considerable rate along with internet use

The first significant global impact of information services and data communications worldwide was the interconnection of far-flung operations of multinational corporations via data networks. -Today, it is most likely that the customer service representative we are talking to on the phone is based in India, where there is a large industry that trains people to talk to Americans or Australians

Behind the top global firm is a second tier of 30-40 media firms that make between $1-10 billion/year

These firms have national or cultural-linguistic strongholds or specialize in specific global niches -Some are American, but most come from Europe or Canada, some are based in East Asia and Latin America

Al Jazeera (Doha), CCTV 9 (China), and Russia Today have also pushed TV news operations into a number of countries

They became the alternative news sources -Often have a strong national point of view and questionable credibility

Some media industries have been global since the 1920's

They control many of the companies in other countries that distribute and exhibit the films produced in the US -J. Walter Thompson, RCA, and Motion Pictures Association of America (MPAA)

By the 1970's, many critics asserted that the major newswire services had too much control over international news flow

They followed standard American and European definitions of what news was: -diasters -sensational or unusual events -political upheaval -Wars or conflicts -famous personalities -current events This often produces negative coverage and images of other countries

Multinational firms record Jamaican reggae and dance hall as well as Caribbean salsa and Mexican Norteno

They sell them at home and export them to the US -Willing to risk distributing national music because musical tastes are more diverse and the costs are much lower than film or TV

Government protection of film industries in other countries is not surprising

They want to ensure that national film industries survuve

Information and reporting by a variety of people on Twitter have become both direct news sources for many and sources that professional news reporters use in their own story

This became particularly clear with microblogging in China and Twitter's role in Arab Spring political and social revolutions of 2011 -Many now argue that face-to-face communication, grassroots organizing, and mass media were all more important than Twitter in terms of lasting effects

Satellite and cable TV after 1990 brough in new forms of competition in much of the world

This forced broadcast TV to change -Has to compete with hundreds of commercial TV channels on satellite or cable TV aimed at nationally and dozen of regional languages

30 eyars ago, people talked about Americanization of media in the world

Today, they talk more about globalization

1945

UN founded, incorporating ITU, starting UNESCO

1976

UNESCO hosts critical discussion for proposals for a New World Information Order

Text messaging and internet access messaging sites are widespread over cellphones, more so than phone or cable wires

Wifi in phones is also spreading -Increasing numbers of global calls are made via computers on internet for very low costs or free

1914-1945

World Wars I & II permit Hollywood to outplace competitors

direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

a TV or radio satellite service that transmits signals from satellites to compact home receivers

AT&T's recent acquisition of satellite TV giant DirecTV was motivated by

a desire to expand into South American markets, where DirecTV had millions of subscribers

Licensing formats like Wheel of Fortune or Survivor are now rapidly increasing global buisness

a great deal of "local" or "global" programming is now based on such international formats and models

Many US groups are now coproducing with Chinese groups to

avoid quotes or make the films more attractive to Chinese audiences

Broadcasting has mostly been privately owned in Canada, Central America, and South America

because of the strong influence of US media and corporations and advertisers, who promoted commercial approaches in the 1930's & 40's

Major player in global regulation is the European Union

begun to set de facto global standards on antitrust and privacy issues