Chapter 18
According to Immanuel KAnt, what one word would characterize an individual of the Enlightenment?
Mature
The gathering ground for many who wished to discuss the ideas of the French Enlightenment
salons
The philosophes were
Voltaire, Roussou, dederot, montesque.
Rousseau's concept of the "general will" asserts
the importance of a far-sighted minority.
Maria Theresa
Devout Roman - Catholic, tried to limit influence of church.
The Parlement of Paris
Dominated by rise in nobility
The factors that played a role in the erosion of French absolutism
*Louis XIV died *Nobility limited kings power *theories of montasky
Who set the stage for the modern study of astronomy by building an observatory and collecting data?
Tycho Brahe
The illegal book trade in France
came from Netherlands, Denunciation of high political figures and pornographic accounts.
According to Diderot, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
change the general way of thinking
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
laid foundation for future of Austria, opposed by everyone
According to Medieval thought, the center of the universe was the
motionless earth - Aristotle
The accomplishments of Frederick II
promoting schools, Freedom of Press, legal reform, abolishing torture of prisoners, religious toleration.
Galileo's greatest achievement was his
refinement of the scientific method
Voltaire's attitude toward despotic or autocratic government
the Enlightened would be a monarch of reform
Louis XV's finance ministers actions after the war of the austrian succession
imposed a 5% tax on everyone.
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?
Russia, Prussia, Austria
Hume, d'Holbach, and Rousseau are examples of the later Enlightenment trend toward
Rigid systems of though
Madame du Chatelet
Scientist, believed she couldn't do anything because she was a girl companion of Voltaire
The social setting of the Enlightenment
wit & intellectual conversation
Peter Bayle
Skeptism - Famous
In the primary source written by Voltaire, what country's constitution is he admiring?
England's
the two men genrally given credit for creating the modern scientific method
Francis Bacon and Rene Descarte
Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II abolished serfdom in the Austrian Empire in 1781. What was the outcome of this reform?
He dies, serfdom is reinstated.
Empiricism
Inductive Reasoning
Which of the following is not one of the rules provided in Descartes' Discourse on Method?
Know the rules
The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
Make it simple for people to understand
In the work Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, not only are the author's theories of universal gravitation outlined, but also his four rules for arriving at knowlege are described. Who wrote Mathematical principles of natural philosophy?
Newton
John Locke's claims in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Your mind is a blank state
Why the Enlightenment thinkers relied on the reforming efforts of monarchs
they had power, believed that monarchs put ideas into practice
The key feature of Newton's system was the law of
universal gravitation
Copernicus' theory of the sun-centered universe
An old greek idea discussed during the renosance.
Before the Scientific Revolution, European's view of the universe was based on the ideas of
Aristotle
Where one of the few attempts to link theoretical science with applied science took place
At Greshom College
Galileo was condemned by the Papal Inquisition of 1633 because he defended whose theory?
Copernacus
Astronomers that contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, they were ridiculed by contemporaries
Descartes' idea was that the world consists of two fundamental entities or substances, which we can call
Dualism 1. Physical World 2. Spiritual World
Reasons for the rise of salons in France
Everyone had ideas to share, the censorship which points to a way to avoid it.
Who used the War of the Austrian Succession to expand Prussia into a great power?
Frederick II
"Enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia
Freedom of Press.
Why the Enlightenment reached its highest development in France
French is common language of Europe, absolutism not as strict, one of the most wealthiest/popular countries
What Enlightenment Author would agree that God created the universe?
Newton
Way in which Montesquieu's The Persian Letters was presented
Outside traveler from Persia critizing government of France
Catherine the Great hardened her position on serfdom after what revellion?
Pagachev's Rebellion
The "reading revolution"
People began to read more, gain knowledge, be enlightened.
According to Galileo in his Letter to Christina of Tuscany: Science and Scripture, which of the folling would be true about what he believes in relationship to sceince and the authority of Scripture?
Primary Source
According to the text, Catherine the Great changed course from support for the enlightened reforms in Russia to shoring up the power of the Russian nobility following which of these events?
Pugachev rebellion
The French philosopher who rejected his contemporaries and whose writings influenced the romantic movement
Roussou
What Montesquieu argued for in his Spirit of Laws
Separation of Powers
It is very clear from d'Holbach's The System of Nature that he is attacking what institution?
The Church (Christianity and other religions)
In the Social Contract, Rousseau argues for popular sovereignty. According to the idea of popular soverignty who should rule?
The people
Who were Geoffrin and de Lespinasse?
Women who managed salons.
D' Holbach's System of Nature presents
an thiest philosophy (mechanistic)
A striking feature of the salons was that
brought different people from social groups together.
Frederick II is considered an enlightened monarch because he
brought reform socially and legally
The Aristotelian world-view placed emphasis on the idea of
crystal spears
What happened to French government after the death of Louis XIV?
economic disaster, Abosolutism failed
The first astronomer to prove his theories through the use of mathematical equations was
kepler
How Catherine the Great came to power
killed husband through the use of military
Important trends of Enlightenment though
nature brings happiness, rationalism, belief in human progress, reasoning religious toleration, belief that the mass can't rule themselves.
accomplishments of Catherine the Great
partioning of poland
"Enlightened" monarchs believed
reform, etc.
What the passage from Philosophical Dictionary indicates about Voltaire
saw organized religion to be filled with hipocrosy and violence
Idea developed in Mendelsson's On the Immortality of the Soul
the reason should complement and strengthen religion
Francis Bacon's great contribution to scientific methodology was
vempiricism
