Chapter 18

their values are very similar

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that__________________

decreases; there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure_______; there is ______ _______ in the interstitial space

age, sex, altitude

An individual's hematocrit would vary with 1)_______2)_________3)___________

iron ions, antibodies

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

tissue

Blood is correctly classified as a(n) _____________.

basic, proteins

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than usual.

Congenital hemolytic anemia is___________?

collagen, von Willebrand

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to ___________, with the help of the ________________ factor.

proplatelets

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are ___________________.

destruction, plasmin

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

polar molecule; dissolves in plasma

Glucose is a_____________(polar/nonpolar molecule) and it __________________(dissolves/does not dissolve in plasma).

4

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

decrease

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely__________________.

the wrong blood type was used

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate_____________.

10 weeks

In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red mone marrow at approximately ?

myeloid

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.

decreased in number and less efficient

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be ?

the flat bones of the axial skeleton

In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in ?

largest, prominent nuclei

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

monocytes from monoblasts

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of ____________________.

liver, spleen

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the_____and____.

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will___________.

increase the viscosity of the blood

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to____________________________.

dark red

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

55

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

hemostasis, 9

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

repellent

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a platelet __________?

electrolytes

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma_________________.

lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes are a category of________________.

platelets and leukocytes

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of?

on the surface of the erythrocytes

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are found where?

globin

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

erythrocytes in the blood

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of_________________________________.

vascular spasm

The first phase in hemostasis is ______________.

blood vessel constriction

The first phase of hemostasis involves ____________

common

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.

37

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

Multi - CSF

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is ?

oxygen and carbon dioxide

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to_____________.

120

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

defend against pathogens

The main function of leukocytes is to ________.

erythrocytes

The most numerous of the formed elements are the ___________.

hemopoiesis

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called __________________.

lack a nucleus and organelles

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes________________________.

albumins

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the ___________.

1 degree Celsius

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

neutrophil

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)_________.

monocyte

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers ?

5 liters

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.

Vascular spasms last ?

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the ___________.

sympathetic

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

white blood cell differential count

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a ?

b,c,e

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b,c,f

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

a,b,e

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

basophils

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophil

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

intrinsic pathway

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

extrinsic pathway

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

c, a, e, b, d, f

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

a,b,e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

92

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

c

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting? a: Factor III combines with factor VII. b: Factor XII converts inactive factor XI to active factor XI. c: Prothrombin is activated to thrombin. d: Calcium combines with factor IX.

transportation

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

protection

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

basophil

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

degranulates, ADP, thromboxane A2.

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol ____________ as they release chemicals such as ______ and __________________.

directly, indirectly

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

True

True/False: A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

True

True/False: Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

True

True/False: Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow.

True

True/False: During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.

True

True/False: Erythrocytes exhibit a limited lifespan due to their inability to synthesize the proteins necessary to repair themselves.

True

True/False: Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma.

True

True/False: Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.

True

True/False: Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.

False

True/False: Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line.

True

True/False: Platelets are formed elements.

False

True/False: Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.

True

True/False: Simply put, antibodies are molecules on the lookout for antigens.

True

True/False: The ABO and Rh blood types are inherited independently of each other.

True

True/False: The GM-CSF growth factor accelerates the formation of all granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells.

False

True/False: The antigen-antibody reaction is an example of the regulation function of blood.

False

True/False: The blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-positive.

True

True/False: The extrinsic pathway is a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body.

True

True/False: Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin.

False

True/False: When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top.

false

True/false For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute.

b,e

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

a,c,d,f

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract

e

Which is going to result in significant agglutination? a: Donor is type A, recipient has antibody anti-B b: Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A c: Donor is type O, recipient is Type O d: Donor is type A, recipient is type AB e: Donor is type AB, recipient is type B