Chapter 18
The average number of years spent in retirement by Americans is
18
________________ is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
Alzheimer disease
Extended verbal expression in speech or writing is referred to as
discourse
Which of the following is the main treatment for Parkinson disease?
dopamine agonsits and L-dopa
The main window for wisdom to emerge is
during late adolescence and early adulthood
Executive function is involved in which of the following?
emotion regulation cognitive performance motivation social functioning
Cognitive mechanics are associated with the speed and accuracy of the processes involved in all of the following components except
language comprehension
Compared to explicit memory, implicit memory is __________ likely to be affected by age
less
When the competing tasks in a divided-attention situation are complex, older adults perform ____________ younger adults
less effectively than
A recent study linked a lower level of executive attention to __________, which likely is related to reduced blood flow to the brain's frontal lobes
low blood pressure
The mood disorder in which one is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored is called
major depression
Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the common cold of mental disorders?
major depression
Cognitive _________ are often referred to as the hardware of the mind because they reflect the neurophysiological architecture of the brain
mechanics
What is the definition of prospective memory?
memory involving remembering to do something in the future
Wisdom peaks in
midlife
Which of the following factors contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood?
reduced inhibition declines in processing speed decreases in working memory capacity
The phenomenon in which individuals remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades is known as the _________ bump
reminscience
__________ care involves services that provide a temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilites and illnesses
respite
Focusing attention on a relevant piece of information while ignoring other, irrelevant information is known as _____________ attention
selective
Focusing attention on a relevant piece of information while ignoring other, irrelevant infromation is known as ____________________
selective attention
Which of the following are a part of executive functioning?
self-control goal-direected behavior
A person's knowledge about the world and their area of expertise is known as __________ memory
semantic
Recalling who the president is and the name for the capital of Japan are examples of _____________ memory
semantic
Due to the effects of aging on explicit memory, an older adult is more likely to forget which of the following?
what they needed at the grocery store
When are older adults more likely to remember the source of infromation?
when it is important to them
Which of the following is characterized by good judgement and exceptional insight into life's pragmatic concerns and human conditions?
wisdom
_____________ accounts for 60-80% of dementias
Alzheimer disease
In general, there is _________ in cognitive mechanics associated with aging
a decline
In a recent study, executive function in older adults was associated with which of the following?
a sense of control over obstacles that interfere with attaining goals
The primary cause of Alzheimer disease is a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical called
acetylcholine
In general, episodic memory is
better among younger adults compared with older adults
The field of science that studies the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning is called
cognitive neuroscience
Use it or lose it is a component of the _________________ approach, which emphasizes the role of social and intellectual engagement in protecting against declines in intellectual development.
cognitive optimization
An older adult who routinely writes their appointments on calendar so that they remember them is using ___________ strategies to reduce the impact of memory decline
compensation
Divided attention is defined as
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
All of the following are likely associated with the decline in cognitive mechanics except
culture
Explicit memory is also known as ___________ memory
declarative
The speed of processing information _________ during late adulthood
declines
Research shows that declines in processing speed in late adulthood are likely due to
declines in brain functioning
Which of the following is a change in attention that occurs with cognitive aging?
decreased ability to focus on relevant information
Characteristics of Alzheimer disease include which of the following?
deficiency in acetylcholine dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels twisted fibers that build up in neurons
What triggers Parkinson disease?
degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the brain
Neurological disorders in which the primary symptoms involve deterioration of mental functioning are classed under the global term
dementia
Remembering what you did on the first day of high school is an example of ________ memory
episodic
The retention of information about life's happenings is known as _____________ memory
episodic
A study of 60- to 90-year-olds found that sustained engagement in cognitively demanding, novel activities improved the older adults'
episodic memory
_____________ attention involves action planning, allocating goals, error detection, and monitoring progress on tasks
executive
The conscious memory of facts and experiences is called __________ memory
explicit
Declines in memory in older adults occur primarily in which of the following types of memory?
explicit episodic working
Which of the following statements are true about caring for people with Alzheimer disease?
family can become emotionally and physically drained from providing care to an Alzheimer patient caregivers of Alzheimer patients need a break from providing chronic care
Cognitive mechanics are similar to _________ intelligence
fluid
Selective attention is defined as
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
A recent study linked a lower level of executive attention to low blood pressure, which likely is related to reduced blood flow to the brain's
frontal lobes
Which of the following are the characteristics of Alzheimer disease?
gradual deterioration of memory gradual deterioration of language deterioration of physical functioning
With regard to wisdom, the research of Baltes and colleagues shows which of the following?
high levels of wisdom are rare factors other than age are critical for wisdom to develop at high levels personality-related factors such as openness contribute to wisdom
With regard to changes in cognition, cognitive pragmatics likely __________ until very late adulthood
improve
Which of the following statements about changes in cognitive pragmatics is ture?
improvement is likely through middle and late adulthood, until very late adulthood
Which of the following statements about differences in selective attention between younger and older adults is true?
in general, younger adults are more adept at selective attention than older adults
Adults who have the most difficulty adjusting to retirement also have which of the following?
inadequate income other stressors at the time they are retiring poor health
Declines in fluid mechanics in late adulthood are thought to be caused, in part, by a reduced effectiveness in suppressing irrelevant information, otherwise known as
inhibition
MCI, or ________________, is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease
mild cognitive impariment
According to research, episodic memory declines _______________ semantic memory in older adults
more than
All of the following are components of cognitive pragmatics except
motor memory
Which of the following statements about semantic memory in older adults is true?
older adults take longer to retrieve semantic information
Which of the following have been positively associated with religion in old age?
optimism self-esteem life satisfaction
Which statement about work and retirmeent are true?
physical functioning tends to decline faster after retirement cognitive functioning tends to decline faster after retirmenet
Executive attention involves
planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors
Which of the following are key to adjusting well to retirement?
planning ahead being flexible
Which of the following is the most likely cause of an early retirement?
poor health
Employment in late adulthood is generally linked to
positive physical functioning
Cognitive ________ are similar to crystallized intelligence
pragmatics
Cognitive ___________ are often referred to as the software programs of the mind and are culturally influenced
pragmatics
Which of the following are subcomponents of wisdom that are commonly cited, according to a research review?
prosocial values emotional balance sense of humor spirituality
Callie, a 82-year-old woman, forgot that she was supposed to leave a check for the paper delivery person next Wednesday. This reflects a failure in ___________ memory
prospective
All of the following are types of attention that have been studied in older adults, except
short term attention
Working memory is closely linked to ________ memory
short-term
When the competing tasks in a divided-attention situation are easy, older adults perform _____________ younger adults
similarly to
What are the symptoms of Parkinson disease?
slowing of movements muscle tremors partial facial paralysis
Ina told her 80-year-old neighbor, Leila, a story about a disagreement between two of their neighbors. A few days later, Leila retold the same story to Ina, forgetting that Ina was one who had initially told it to her. This reflects a failure in ______ memory.
source
The ability to remember where one learned something is known as ______________ memory
source
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is called ____________ attention
sustained
The four types of attention studied in older adults include divided, selective, executive, and ______________ attention
sustained
Vigilance is another name for _____________ attention
sustained
What does the concept of use it or lose it refer to?
the fact that disuse may result in the atrophy of cognitive skills
Older adults who adjust best to retirement have which of the following characteristics?
they are healthy they are active they are well educated
Why is retirement planning especially important for women?
they are more likley than men to live along in old age they are likely to live longer than men
Age related deficits in prospective memory occur more often in ___________ tasks than in ____________ tasks
time-based event-based
The inability to retrieve familiar information that people feel they should be able to retrieve is known as the ___________ phenomenon
tip-of-the-tongue
Health and exercise can positively influence losses in processing speed in older adults
true
Some older adults may rely on accumulated knowledge to compensate for slower processing speed
true
There is disagreement over how to define wisdom
true
_____________ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, leading to good judgements, insight into human development, and an understanding of how to cope with life's challenges
wisdom
To offset declines in vigilance, older adults often rely on
wisdom and experience
What are the three important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning?
work education health
The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ____________ memory
working
Which of the following statements regarding working memory is true?
working memory declines during late adulthood
