Chapter 19-20-21.

Diagnosis of AIDS

(As in adults) when T-cell count drops below 200 cells per microliter, the child has met the criteria set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for a diagnosis of AIDS.

Roundworms

(Ascaris lumbricoides) are commonly found in soil. A handful of dirt can easily contain thousands of roundworms. These parasites are easily ingested by infected hand-to-mouth activity. In the digestive system, these parasites lodge in the intestine, absorbing nutrients from the host. Roundworms, like pinworms, are transmitted by transfer of the eggs to the mouth or nose.

autosomes

(auto = self, somes = body) a chromosome other than a sex chromosome; they determine body function.

congenital anomaly

(congenital = present at birth, anomaly = abnormality) a birth defect. Approximately 2% of all newborns have a significant birth defect.

heterozygous

(hetero = different, zygo = yoked or paired) having different paired genes. exp: Bb.

homozygous

(homo = one, zygo = yoked or paired) having identical genes. exp: BB or bb.

The nucleus of each cell of the normal body has

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Meiosis process

A female germ cell, or ovum, undergoes meiosis and divides into two separate X chromosomes; thus, the only chromosome a female can give is an X, or female, chromosome. Male germ cells, or sperm, undergo meiosis and divide into two separate chromosomes, one X and one Y, so the male can give an X (female) or Y (male) chromosome. This explains why the male partner, or sperm, determines the sex of the fetus. If an X sperm combines with the ova, the result is XX, and the fetus is female. If a Y sperm combines with the ova, the result is XY, and the fetus is male.

PKU

A human metabolic disease caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a phenylalanine processing enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase), which leads to accumulation of phenylalanine and mental retardation if not treated; inherited as an autosomal recessive phenotype.

Pediculosis

An infestation with lice. Lice are transmitted from human to human by direct contact and reproduce rapidly with the adult female parasite producing about six eggs every 24 hours. Lice on the head and lice eggs (nits) attached to hair are easy to see. The most effective treatment is permethrin 1% crème rinse. In addition, vinegar and water can loosen the nits prior to combing with a delousing comb. This treatment should be performed every day until all nits are removed.

Autosomal dominant

Dominant disorders are easily recognized because presence of the disorder identifies those individuals with the dominant gene. The line of inheritance is easily followed from one generation to another. Dominant genes will always be expressed, whether homozygous (PP) or heterozygous (Pp). An example of an autosomal dominant disorder is polydactyly, evidenced by an excessive number of fingers or toes.

Guidelines for prevention of giardiasis include:

Drinking only clean water approved by the local health authorities. Drinking bottled water if the quality of the local water is questionable. Washing hands before preparing meals. Encouraging children to wash their hands after they use the bathroom and especially before eating. Washing raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating them.

Preventive activities for croup include:

Good and frequent hand washing. Avoiding sick children. Teaching children to sneeze or cough into a tissue or into their elbow. Keeping immunizations current, especially Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).

symptoms of pertussis

It is characterized by (1) a catarrhal (inflammation of mucous membranes of the head and mouth with increased mucous flow) stage including cough, runny nose, and low-grade fever; (2) a paroxysmal (spasm or convulsion) stage including violent whooping coughing, cyanosis, distended neck veins, and some vomiting; and (3) a convalescent stage including some periods of the whooping coughing but with gradually less frequent episodes.

symptoms of diphtheria

It produces a membranous coating of the pharynx, nose, and sometimes the tracheobronchial tree. This membrane becomes a thick fibrinous exudate (fluid composed of protein and white blood cells that seeps from tissue), causing extreme difficulty in breathing. The toxin also can produce degeneration in peripheral nerves, heart muscle, and other tissues.

Sex-linked dominant

Like autosomal dominant disorders, these are rarer than the recessive disorders and are easily recognized.

Outpouching of the diverticulum of the ileum is known as

Meckel's diverticulum.

Common cold

Numerous strains of viruses can cause the common cold, but the rhinoviruses are usually the causative agent. It is transmitted by direct contact and droplet contact. Symptoms of the common cold include rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane), runny nose, coughing, sneezing, fever, and watery eyes.

Faulty protein metabolism causes a disease called ____________

PKU.

Autosomal recessive

Recessive disorders are seen only when two recessive genes are paired (cc). Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. Each parent might be phenotypically normal or without sign of the disorder but be a heterozygous carrier (Cc) of the disorder. If each parent is heterozygous, the chance of the off-spring having the disorder is one in four. If one parent has the disorder (cc), the chances increase to one in two. If one parent is homozygous dominant (CC), none of the offspring will be affected.

SUID and SIDS

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are the abrupt unexplainable death of an infant under age 1.

symptoms of mononucleosis

Symptoms usually begin four to seven days after infection and include fatigue, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph glands, and splenomegaly (spleen enlargement).

symptoms of adenoid hyperplasia

The enlarged adenoids can block the Eustachian tubes, causing ear problems such as otitis media. Because of the location of the adenoids, enlargement also can cause some obstruction of the airway, resulting in breathing difficulty.

Symptoms of RSV

The infant or child has cold-like symptoms including a runny nose, coughing, congestion, sneezing, fever, irritability, and difficulty breathing, and may have wheezing.

Sex-linked recessive

These disorders are typically carried by females and passed to males. The reason for this is that recessive gene disorders on the X chromosome of the female are overridden by the dominance of the normal gene on the other X chromosome.

Homozygous alleles, whether dominant or recessive, will always express the trait. Heterozygous pairs will express the phenotype of the dominant gene only.

True.

Tests to diagnose prenatal disorders include:

Ultrasonography of the fetus to detect malformations of the head, internal organs, and extremities. Amniotic fluid analysis to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders. Maternal blood analysis to observe for abnormal fetal substances.

Preventive methods of tularemia include:

Wearing long-sleeved shirt and long pants to protect the extremities from insects. Using insecticide containing DEET. Handling animals carefully. If hunting wild rabbit or deer, wearing gloves and using care in skinning and dressing the animal. Protecting pets by applying systemic preventives. Keeping away from wild or dead animals.

Normal females have ___________________ as the sex chromosome, and males have ________________.

XX chromosomes; XY chromosomes.

Symptoms of rubella include

a classic rash similar to measles but lighter in color, lymph node enlargement, nasal discharge, joint pain, chills, and fever.

Colic

a common symptom of digestive problems or disease in children. It is particularly common in young infants. Symptoms of colic include paroxysms of gastrointestinal pain with crying and irritability. It can be due to a variety of causes such as emotional upset, overfeeding, or swallowing air.

Impetigo

a contagious superficial pyoderma commonly found on the face and hands of children. It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci. Good hand washing is the best preventive strategy.

Fifth disease

a contagious viral disease more common in children than adults; it usually affects ages 5-15. It is also known as erythema infectiosum. It is called fifth disease because it is fifth in a list of historical classifications of common skin rash illnesses in children. It is caused by a parvovirus (B19) that is spread by airborne droplets, usually by coughing or sneezing from an infected person. It can also be spread through the blood, by direct skin-to-skin contact, and by touching contaminated surfaces.

malaise

a feeling of general discomfort

Clubfoot

a fixed congenital defect of the ankle and foot

karyotyping

a method of identifying chromosomes; this process involves taking a picture of a cell during mitosis, arranging the chromosome pairs in order from largest to smallest, and numbering them 1 to 23.

Signs and symptoms of TB include

a persistent cough, bloody sputum, lymph node enlargement, fever, and malaise.

buccal smear

a test for evaluating chromosomes; this test is performed by obtaining squamous epithelial cells from the buccal cavity, staining the cell, and microscopically observing for X chromosomes called Barr bodies. Barr bodies can be visualized when two X chromosomes are present (female). If there is no Barr body, the individual is male.

Rubella

a type of measles also known as German measles or 3-day measles. It is usually a very mild disease in children but can be quite serious in pregnant women. If it occurs during the first three months of pregnancy, serious consequences can result. These include miscarriage, fetal death/stillbirth and severe congenital anomalies (birth defects). Birth defects of the eyes, heart, and brain are common. like measles, rubella is spread by contaminated airborne droplets. It is less contagious than rubeola, with an incubation period of 14 to 21 days.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

a viral infection of the airways. It is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways of the lungs) and pneumonia in children younger than 1 year of age. It is also the most common reason for hospitalization of an infant. The cause is the respiratory syncytial virus.

Asthma is characterized by

acute episodes of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Stimuli (called triggers) of an asthmatic episode vary and include cigarette smoke, dust mites, chemicals, pollen, animal hair and feathers, molds, cold air, and excessive exercise. Regardless of the trigger, the result is airway swelling and blockage causing the symptoms of respiratory distress.

Poliomyelitis

also called polio, occurred in pandemics and crippled thousands of children and adults prior to the discovery of a vaccine by Jonas Salk in 1952. caused by the poliovirus (PV) and is spread through an oral route or fecal-oral route from an infected individual. Abortive poliomyelitis is a mild form of disease that does not affect the central nervous system. The incubation period is 3 to 6 days for abortive poliomyelitis and 7 to 21 days for the more severe form of poliomyelitis.

Measles

also called rubeola, is one of the most serious childhood diseases due to major complications such as encephalitis and meningitis. Less extreme complications include croup, ear infection, and conjunctivitis. an acute viral disease commonly spread by contaminated airborne droplets. It is highly contagious. If a child has the measles, 9 out of 10 unvaccinated children around them will become infected. Unprotected children can get measles from entering an empty room where a child with measles has recently been. With an incubation period of 7 to 14 days, the spread of measles may occur four days before the infected child is symptomatic and four days after that child has become ill.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

also known as crib death because the infant is found dead after being put in bed to sleep. It is now recommended that infants be placed in bed in the supine (on the back) position rather than prone (on the stomach side) because more cases of SIDS have occurred in children lying in the prone position. Children at higher risk for SIDS include premature infants and siblings of SIDS infants and those with sleep apnea and respiratory problems.

Croup

also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is an upper respiratory infection. caused by parainfluenza viruses 1 and 2 and affects children from 3 months to 3 years of age. characterized by a harsh barking cough, fever, inspiratory stridor, laryngeal spasms, and increased difficulty in breathing at night.

Pinworms

also known as seatworms or threadworms, are parasitic nematodes (specific type of helminthes or worms) that infect the intestines and rectum. They do not cause physical harm, other than itching, and never infect the blood. Pinworms can infect anyone because they live on objects and are easily transmitted. The causative organism is Enterobius vermicularis. Pinworms are transmitted by ingestion or inhalation of the eggs, usually by hand-to-mouth contact. These eggs can survive on most surfaces for two to three weeks. Individuals become infected by touching any infected surface, such as towels, doorknobs, toilet seats, toys, or drinking glasses,...

Pertussis

also known as whooping cough-an acute respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. The incubation period is 6 to 10 days but can be as long as 21 days. Pertussis is transmitted by direct contact with respiratory droplets.

Otitis media

an acute bacterial infection of the middle ear and is one of the most common diseases of children. Symptoms include pain (in the infant, this symptom might be indicated by the child pulling on the ear); fever; drainage; and, on otoscopic examination, a bulging, reddish tympanic membrane. Treatment includes antibiotic therapy and acetaminophen for fever and pain. If the condition persists, a myringotomy with tympanoplasty tubes might be the treatment of choice.

Gene mutation

an alternation in the DNA organization that makes up the gene.

Mumps

an infection affecting the parotid glands, one of three pairs of salivary glands. These glands are located below and in front of the ears. a contagious viral infection that is spread by saliva. The infection can be spread by breathing infected airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes or by sharing eating or drinking utensils. The incubation period is usually 16 to 18 days but can be as long as 25 days.

Pneumonia

an infection marked by acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma. Pneumonia can be of viral or bacterial origin. It is characterized by the alveolar air spaces in the lungs becoming filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin.

Tonsillitis

an infection of the palatine tonsils, tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Most tonsillar infections are caused by group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci. Symptoms include a sore throat, enlarged tonsils, cough, fever, and pain with swallowing.

Diphtheria

an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and characterized by severe inflammation of the respiratory system. It is transmitted by direct contact with droplets from an infected person. The incubation period is two to five days.

Tuberculosis (TB)

an infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the disease typically affects the respiratory system, it can also be found in the gastrointestinal system and the bones, brain, and lymph nodes. TB is transmitted by contaminated droplets. When the child is infected with the tubercle bacillus and the incubation period of 4 to 12 weeks is past, the skin test will test positive.

Tularemia

an infectious disease of rodents transmitted to humans usually through an insect bite. It may also be called rabbit fever or deer fly fever. caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis and transmitted by the bite of an infected tick, deer fly, or other bloodsucking insect or by direct contact with an infected animal.

A gene is ______________

an ultramicroscopic unit of DNA.

The two most common types of eating disorders are

anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Congenital absence or closure of a normal opening or lumen in the body is known as

atresia.

Genetic disorders are passed to offspring in four ways:

autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked dominant, and sex-linked recessive.

vesicles

blister-like eruptions on the skin.

Dominant genotypes are expressed with a ____________ letter whereas recessive genotypes are expressed with a ____________ letter.

capital (B, for example); small (b, for example).

Symptoms of mumps include

chills, fever, ear pain, and swelling of the parotid glands (one or both).

Abnormal downward curvature of the penis is known as _____________

chordee.

he narrowing of the descending thoracic aorta is _______________

coarctation of the aorta.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

commonly known as AIDS-caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Most children infected with HIV were hemophiliacs who had received transfusions or other blood products. Today, virtually all HIV infections in children are as a result of maternal-fetal transfer through blood, also called perinatal transmission.

symptoms of fifth disease

commonly occur 4 to 14 days after the infection and include a low-grade fever, runny nose, and swollen joints. A red rash called "slapped cheek rash" is commonly seen on the face. This classic rash is the most recognized feature of fifth disease. The rash may also spread down the trunk of the body. The child is usually no longer contagious once the rash appears.

The symptoms of pneumonia include

cough, fever, wheezing, and malaise.

Symptoms of bacterial infections can include

coughing, fever, headache, difficulty breathing, and sore throat.

Symptoms of polio

early symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and abdominal pain. This can progress to stiffness of the neck, trunk, and extremities. Although the disease might subside at this point, it can also progress to paralysis. If the respiratory center of the brain is affected, the disease is life-threatening.

The lack of physical growth and development in an infant or a child is known as ______________________

failure to thrive.

Symptoms of measles include

fever, inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, runny nose, and a generalized, dusky red maculopapular rash over the body trunk and extremities.

signs and symptoms of the common infectious diseases include:

fever, malaise, coughing, anorexia, nausea or vomiting, rashes, or any combination of these.

Symptoms of tularemia include

headache, fever, generalized or localized pain, swelling of lymph nodes, chills, and vomiting.

inspiratory stridor

high-pitched sound during inspiration due to blocked airways.

dominant

in control.

Giardiasis

infection caused by the Giardia lamblia protozoan, which affects the digestive system. These protozoa lodge in the lining of the small intestines and absorb nutrients from the host.

orchitis

inflammation of a testis.

pyoderma

inflammatory, purulent dermatitis.

Influenza

known as flu, an acute infectious respiratory disease that occurs every year in the late fall through early spring; caused by viruses in the orthomyxoviridae family.

recessive

lacking control; weak.

alleles

matched pairs of genes; the term used to refer to the product when the chromosomes (one from each parent) pair up during fertilization of the egg; the genes on the chromosomes align.

Varicella

more commonly known as chicken pox, is one of the most common childhood infectious diseases and a highly contagious one. After an infection, the individual usually develops lifelong protective immunity from further bouts. the result of an infection with the herpes varicella-zoster virus; incubation period of 10 to 21 days.The rose petal is the development of an irregular red macular rash with the shape of a rose petal.

somatic

related to the body.

Germ cells

sex cells.

infectious mononucleosis (Mononucleosis).

sometimes called kissing disease (colloquially) or mono, is often joked about, but the disease can be quite serious. This infection primarily affects children and young adults. It is somewhat contagious and often will cause illness for several weeks. caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is very common. Many people have been exposed and are lifetime carriers of the virus but might never develop the illness. The most common way to become infected with mononucleosis is by kissing someone who has been infected. Any activity involving direct contact with the saliva, such as sharing eating utensils or drinking straws, can spread the virus.

Koplik's spots

spots seen in the mouth in the early stage of measles; these spots are rather unique to measles and are often the definitive symptom that confirms the diagnosis.

adenoidectomy

surgical removal of the adenoids.

Adenoid hyperplasia a

the enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils, lymphoid tissues located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx above the palatine tonsils - a very common occurrence in children. can be caused by infection or a congenital defect.

genotypes

the genetic pattern of the individual.

phenotype

the physical expression of a genetic trait such as eye, hair, and skin color.

mitosis

the process of reproduction of cells in which the 46 chromosomes duplicate and divide into two identical daughter cells, each containing 46 chromosomes.

meiosis

the process of reproduction of germ cells in which they divide before duplication.

parotid glands

the salivary glands located just in front of the ears.

tonsillectomy

the surgical removal of the tonsils.

incubation period

the time between exposure to the disease and the presence of symptoms, which might last several days.

gene

the unit on the chromosome that carries DNA information.

The greatest risks for defects occur when alcohol is consumed during and after the _________________ month of pregnancy.

third

patent

to open

Symptoms of giardiasis include

watery diarrhea, nausea, cramping, flatulence (excessive gas), fever, and anorexia (loss of appetite). This condition affects the body's ability to absorb fat, so the stool will float and be shiny and quite foul-smelling. Chronic giardiasis often leads to weight loss and signs of poor nutrition in children.